The Effect Of Cryotherapy Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter summarizes the major findings, restrictions, deductions in the field of nursing instruction, nursing pattern, nursing research and recommendations for farther research. The survey was conducted with the aims to place the effectivity of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching on the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis in Families for kids, Coimbatore. A quasi experimental, pretest post-test with control group design was adopted for the survey. Purposive sampling technique was used to choose the samples for the survey. Entire figure of samples selected for the survey was 30. The selected samples were indiscriminately assigned to experimental and command group instead. Initially the degree of spasticity and manus map was measured utilizing Ashworth graduated table and Zancolli categorization manus map graduated table before intercession. For experimental group, cryotherapy was given for 20 proceedingss prior to passive stretching on the flexor compartment of the forearm and no intercession given to command group. The degree of spasticity and manus map were reassessed after 10 yearss. ‘t ‘ trial for depe ndant and independent samples was used to happen out the consequence of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching on the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The findings from the survey concluded that, cryotherapy prior to passive stretching was effectual in cut downing the spasticity and betterment in manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis.6. 1. Major FINDINGS OF THE STUDYCryotherapy prior to passive stretching was found to be effectual in cut downing the degree of spasticity and betterment of manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis The consequence shows that, there is a important decrease in degree of spasticity in experimental group when compared to the control group among kids with intellectual paralysis. The consequence shows that, there is a important betterment of manus map in experimental group when compared to command group among kids with intellectual paralysis.6. 2. RECOMMENDATIONSCryotherapy prior to passive stretching can be used as a everyday intercession among kids with intellectual paralysis. A survey can be conducted utilizing ice application prior to passive stretching on spasticity and reduced scope of gesture in lower limbs in kids with intellectual paralysis6. 3. Nursing DeductionThe wellness professionals particularly paediatric nurses have a major function in supplying compassionate attention to kids. The nurses have the duty in assisting kids for monitoring and pull offing the attention for the kids with disablements like intellectual paralysis. Cryotherapy is one of the cost effectual method to cut down spasticity and bettering manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis prior to passive stretching. Consequences of this survey have deductions in nursing instruction, nursing pattern, nursing disposal and nursing research.6. 3. 1. Nursing EducationChildren with spasticity receive assorted methods of intervention like physical therapy. To pull off the symptoms efficaciously there are many alternate therapies like hydropathy, cold therapy and other exercisings. Among these therapies cryotherapy is one of the alternate intervention. In the field of nursing instruction, disposal of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching exercisings is concerned with holistic attention of patients. Therefore, it is appropriate to integrate alternate therapies like cryotherapy into nursing course of study.6. 3. 2. Nursing PracticeNursing consists of a organic structure of cognition that is ever altering with new inventions. Integration of inventions into nursing pattern improves the quality of attention provided to paediatric population. Ice application facilitates the decrease of spasticity and helps in betterment of manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The intercession of ice application enhances the accomplishment and attempt of paediatric nurses in cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map during the process. Hence, ice application can be adopted as a everyday pattern before inactive stretching exercisings in kids with intellectual paral ysis.6. 3. 3. Nursing AdministrationWhen non-pharmacological therapy progresss, the decision maker has the duty of supplying paediatric nurses with significant go oning instruction chances and enabling them to update their cognition with current research findings. The nurse decision makers must pull written policies sing the benefits of cryotherapy for cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map prior to passive stretching in kids with intellectual paralysis6.3.4. Nursing ResearchNursing research must concentrate more on the grounds based and holistic pattern by understanding the assorted techniques that can convey about important positive and psychological results for kids. The alternate therapy like ice application as one of the nursing intercession for kids with spasticity and decreased manus map which is an low-cost and effectual manner can be practiced based on research findings. The findings of the present survey can be utilized by the nurse research worker to lend to new cognition sing spasticity direction. The consequences from the present survey will assist the paediatric nurses in pull offing intellectual kids with spasticity.6. 4. DecisionCryotherapy is a non-pharmacological therapy used in the present survey to measure the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The findings revealed that, cryotherapy was effectual in cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map. The therapy is besides cost effectual. Hence, the research worker concluded that, all paediatric nurses should follow this intercession in their clinical pattern to cut down spasticity and bettering manus map among kids with spastic intellectual p aralysis.

Century medical history

Century Medical History Report The 18th century consisted of a lot of social and political events. Some of the social happenings that occurred In this century were the French and Indian War, the African slave trade, and many developing Ideas and Inventions were growing throughout the world. Many medical happenings were present as well. Smallpox was the mall widespread disease that affected the whole world. Inventions and discoveries were made to solve problems or mysteries. An Important person wasEdward Jennet, who â€Å"discovered† a smallpox vaccination. He did not actually Invent It, because it had already existed. She ran an experiment on an eight year old boy to test the smallpox vaccine. He did this by giving him cowpox first which served as a immunization. Joseph Priestley was an important figure in the 18th century. He discovered the now called element oxygen. Before his discovery, people did not understand what air wasÃ'› or what it was made of. He also was a resear cher, Philosopher and a Chemist. Benjamin Franklin invented the bifocals, although he was greatly known for his work in electrical theory.He established laws on how electricity operates, how to store and use it. He is also famous for his experiment with the kite and key. Rene Lancer invented the Stethoscope. With this he investigated sounds made by the heart and lungs, and compared it to his diagnosis he got from autopsies. He also wrote the first descriptions of bronchitis's and cirrhosis and also classified lung conditions like pneumonia, pleurisy and emphysema. Lastly, John Hunter was a surgeon of the 18th century and is now known as founder of â€Å"scientific surgery. † He made many advances in surgical procedures, while teaching anatomy and surgery.He also first documented reports on â€Å"tube feeding. † By gyring The 18th century consisted of a lot of social and political events. Some of the social happenings that occurred in this century were the French and In dian War, the African slave trade, and many developing ideas and inventions were growing the main widespread disease that affected the whole world. Inventions and discoveries were made to solve problems or mysteries. An important person was Edward Jennet, who â€Å"discovered† a smallpox vaccination. He did not actually invent it, immunization. Joseph Priestley was an important figure in the 18th century. He

Relationship of relationships Essay

Statistics on suicides show either positive or negative correlations with suicidal tendencies. There are then vulnerabilities but there are also mitigating circumstances or resistance to committing suicidal acts. Age level, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation and affiliations were found out to somehow relate to occurrence of suicide. The individual’s state of mind and history of mental illness are shown as factors to consider. To properly situate these findings, we therefore define the key elements of a synthesis from the three disciplines used in the study. We came up with the following: 1. There is a sort of an internal progression line and a parallel social time line The relationship between these two line is like lock and key, based on fitness but in a very dynamic setting subject to sudden â€Å"twists and turns† along the way of integration or its opposite alienation. The situation made more complex as social situations are not usually homogenous. Variation in individual progression may not be the same. Alienation then could continue with the social situation for the individual deteorating as well because of its regression into greater alienation. 2. Reason for living There are levels of ideation, fairness for example is simpler than being just and in the same manner looking at life as a skill of how to handle the complex of emotion and reasoning in relation to social information daily being processed and given the vulnerabilities, intervention could be crafted and social vectors who or which will carry it out properly identified, invited and oriented. The purpose is not really educational or mentoring but engagement in real life social situations. Gaining insights in preventing suicides Taking bits of wisdom from different disciplines affords a view of world against a new light and in concerns such as suicide; a fundamental realization of the value of life in contrast to losing the reason for living is of paramount importance. Combining psychology, sociology and religious perspective gave us this opportunity (Table 1). Table 1. Generated insights used in the study from the three disciplines Discipline Insights Psychology The perception of self could be more decisive than the nature of self as determinant of action. Perception is a product of cognition. Suicide is a form of self annihilation. Could be a product of â€Å"dark cognition† Sociology Group setting is integral in developing self. The value system is as fundamental as the relational in group or social networks. Suicide as a syndrome has social context, a form of conflict resolution which is acceptable in some cultures (Masada, Seppuku in Japanese culture). Religion The value of life is above life. The objective of life is purification. Suicide is a sin not on life but a sin of arrogance that life is for us to take. A continuing exploration on life There is that saying that life is always a search for completion and which forms one of the great motivations in human development. In the same vein, this effort is an exploration traversing perhaps what Kolberg’s describe as the higher stages. The integration of the different perspectives may not be perfect as each of the disciplines have their own attributes which could be taken as either strength or weaknesses (Table 2). Table 2. Strengths and weaknesses of the three disciplines used in this study Discipline Strengths Weaknesses Psychology Probes into the nature of self and will on human behavior including dark acts such as suicide. The apparent stand off in the nature and cognition Sociology Relates self and social processes of integration or alienation Unpredictability of human behavior or dynamic shifts. Social senses may not be keen enough and sensitive enough to notice risk situations or situations leading to suicides. Religion Externalization of the value and meaning of life. Morally grounded. Tendency to mystification of mundane and human nature.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 42

Assignment Example With the right mindset while analyzing the data can make the difference between choosing two opposite arguments. For instance, knowing the intent of the people that produced the data will keep the reader objective about the so called facts (Graham 43). This approach might easily save the readers from falling victim to data mining or cherry picking. Having a little sense of accounting, finance, business and corporate laws can equip the readers with the right tools before making a decision of investing in the firm. The article in The Harvard Crimson, Death of Data by Raul Quintana declares that common populace lives in â€Å"post-truth† age of politics. This news article is in reference to the upcoming US presidential elections. It has become very easy to distort the facts statistically, as putting the stamp of individual belief on the data doesn’t rid it off the scent of spinning the data (Quintana). Representative Paul Ryan claims that Barrack Obama has doubled the size of the government, when in fact there is no data-matrix to confirm this. Institutes like Office of Management and Budget and Congressional Budget Office, and even Academia are facing criticism of being biased in their data projections or liberal bias. Instead of forming policies based on numerical facts, politicians formulate policies based on pre-existing ideology. What happens is that policies are made before objectively analyzing the data, and then to support the decision, the data is beaten to conform to the policy. Misinformation and inflammatory rhetoric are the predominant weapons used in twisting the data, and this is being done of regular basis. Data is no longer an objective input in a debate (Quintana). Showing one side of the picture is the most common tool for formulating policies that are based on an ideology. Politicization of data is one of the biggest challenges that the world (victims of policies/general public)

Crisis Communications Paper on MS13 Gang Violence Essay

Crisis Communications Paper on MS13 Gang Violence - Essay Example This radical change in this field caused the mankind inviting many problems as well as solutions to deal with them. Appropriate communication during the time of crisis plays a pivotal role to manage the situation effectively. As at the time of crisis the emotions are at their highest level because of stress which often makes people behave in an erratic way. Confusion creeps in their mind to manage the crisis and at that time effective communication skills comes to their rescue. Crisis situations may vary in their nature such as a disastrous situation due to a natural calamity or a terrorist attack or even violence caused by the street gangs and many others. All these situations demands prompt actions which in turn can lead to wrong moves. "Adequate coping skills along with other balancing factors, such as realistic perception of the event and social support can help minimize overreaction"(Radziewicz, http://www.conversationsincare.com/web_book/chapter03.html). In recent days youth ga ngs are mushrooming at many places causing havoc in the society with their violent deeds. One such deadly and violent youth gang of United States and of Central America is MS-13 which poses a threat to the life and liberty of the people. Mara Salvatrucha abbreviated to MS-13 derives its origin to the Civil War of El Salvador in 1980s which caused a million of Salvadorans to emigrate to USA and settle there as refugees. These immigrants in USA faced a bitter opposition from the Mexican gangs formed by other immigrants settled there earlier which prompted the Salvadorans to form their own gang for defending their existence. But soon the gang expanded and became the largest gang symbolizing violence and barbarism to their peak. "Composed of mostly Salvadorans and other central Americans-many of them undocumented -the gang has a uniquely international profile It's considered the fastest growing, most violent and least understood of the nation's street gangs" (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7244879/site/newsweek). Unlike other gangs the members of MS-13 are very flexible in their activities. They are into various fields of crimes specializing in extortions, drug and arm trafficking, homicides, cross border human trafficking, theft and so on. "Mara Salvatrucha members have tattoes on most of their upper body, including the arms and face, with lettering done in Gothic (Blackletter) style. The "MS" and "13" is always tattooed on them. (This has resulted in the arrest and detention of many people, first in Honduras then in El Salvador for illicit association based entirely on the fact that they are wearing tattoos associated with gang membership) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Salvatrucha). The members of MS-13 are relatively fearless compared to other gangs and shows zero tolerance to the persons who became informant to the cops about their misdeeds. Even they act defiantly without being intimidated by the law enforcement officials easily. The members who abandons the gang is brutally killed by other active members. They impose rent on the people in the locality in which they live in lieu of guarranty of the security of the locals from the threats of other gangs. They are quite adept at using exlosives, firearms and grenades. Having been trained in guerilla warfare the MS-13 members frequently change their places

Argument for people to use recreational drugs in the 1960 is danger Essay

Argument for people to use recreational drugs in the 1960 is danger - Essay Example The emergence of a recreational drug culture in the 1960s can be argued both for and against. While some arguments will support the 1960s experience, others will dispute all the undertakings that were related to the drug use practices. At the most outright aspect, drug use at a personal level increased significantly in the 1960s. Although the 1960s numbers can hardly match the level of drug use today, the drug culture emergence at the time was critical. Individual recreational drug users were looking for ways to pass time in a manner that was characterized by an activity that they did not undertake more often. Due to the emergence of a drug use wave at the time, many individuals were caught up in the wave. They got into drugs for personal reasons that related to the need for recreational experiences. In this respect, use of drugs was deemed to be a way through which relaxation was achieved since individuals engaged in an actual form of activity. Outside the recreational experience factor, other users got into recreational drug use out of peer influence. An association was being made in relation to drug use, thereby luring peers into the need for association. If one was to associate with his/her peers who used drugs, then it would be hardly unavoidable for this individual not to engage in drug use. Influential forces, therefore, acted upon different people at different times across the 1960s, resulting in an increase in the number of recreational drug users. Years in the 1960s were characterized by a rising notion of a countercultural society (Siegel 7). At the same time, the position of recreational drugs had gained high stakes in the society. Social and cultural uncertainty was looming, and populations were increasingly becoming unruly. As a result, a society that was deeply rooted in the use of recreational drugs was in the making. This realization had considerable impacts to individuals

SESSION 2 BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS AND OSMOMETRY Lab Report

SESSION 2 BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS AND OSMOMETRY - Lab Report Example rescent molecule, it has to travel through an optical isolator( black coating) to prevent interference by unspecific light with the light detection system. Osmolality measures the total number of osmotically active particles in a solution and is equal to the sum of the molalities of all the solutes present in that solution. The four colligative properties are changed by the dissolving of the solute in solvent. Osmolarity refers to osmoles per litre, whilst osmolality refers to osmoles per kg water( There is a slight difference between plasma molality and molarity because of the non-acqueous components present such as proteins and lipids that make up about 60% of the total volume. Thus serum is only 94% water and the molality of a substance in serum is about 6% higher than its molarity. Molality is preferred because it is independent of temperature). The osmolality of physiological fluids is mainly determined by small molecules that are present in high concentrations. For example in serum, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, urea and glucose are the only components present in high enough concentrations to individually affect the osmolality. Together these make up over 95% of total osmolality of serum. Larger serum molecules contribute little to the overall osmolality. A useful estimate of the osmolality is calculated from: The difference between the measured and the calculated osmolality is known as the osmolar gap. If there are unmeasured osmotically active species present then these will increase the gap. The normal osmolar gap is up to 10mmol/L and values in excess of this usually indicate the presence of an exogenous agent. The most common is ethanol, but methanol, the ethylene glycol, acetone and isopropyl alcohol will also contribute if present. Different causes of hyponatraemia can be distinguished by serum osmolality measurement. It is increased in hyperosmolar hyronatraemia(eg: hyperglycaemia), normal in psuedohyponatraemia and decreased in

The identities shaped by online games -- World of Warcraft Dissertation

The identities shaped by online games -- World of Warcraft - Dissertation Example The emergence of online identities is not a completely new concept. People have been creating public identities with the purpose of achieving goals throughout human existence (Wallen 1998, p. 52). However, the nature of the online persona is somewhat unique in that it is done with the intention of representing an ‘otherness’ through character and skills that would not be possible in the real world. Exploring the nature of this creation provides for a greater understanding of the concept of identity. Watslawik and Born (2007, p. 2) state that â€Å"ego psychoanalytical theory places the individual within a more or less nurturing social context, as contrast with the more confrontive view of classical theory wherein the individual is seen more as contesting society†. The nature of human interaction, according to Erikson’s theory, is in finding communities in which nurture is the primary benefit. While an individual seeks a community in which shared values and beliefs are experienced, or in the case of game play, shared goals, eventually it is the sense of nurture that is built that will provide the attraction to a community (Watslawik and Born 2007). The following literature review will focus on the identity as it is positioned in an online environment as a created and semi-controlled entity. This will be discussed through the created and controlled aspect, as well as how that control is not complete as the social dynamic and the real life characteristics begin to come through to the online identity. Avatar as it Becomes Part of the Community Individual and the Avatar The nature of identity is the result of a tension between conformity and individuality. In seeking to find an identity, the individual must find a position between these two oppositional forces in order to find both acceptance and individuation. This phenomenon creates an internal conflict within which the individual seeks to find a sense of self and the acceptance of self by the community (Jackson 1984, p. 203). Through following group norms, the individual seeks to find positive interaction within the context of group identification and personal differentiation. The sense of self is defined through social identities that are evolved through group behaviours and attitudes, with the individual identity evolving through perceptions and evaluations of social situations (Korostelina 2007, p. 36). Human existence has been framed through the formation of identity within the concept of race. According to Smedley (1998), the concept of race as an identifying factor has only emerged since the 17th century. Before that time culture and kinship were the ways in which people were grouped. Where in the past, occupation and city of origin identified an individual in a ethnic way, the idea of physical differences having the power to inform the identity is relatively new. In the game of World of Warcraft, actual species differences are developed in which race become s a very important aspect of the identity of the character (Hammer and Kellner 2009, p. 597). In choosing a race, the player makes the initial step towards creating an association within the game. However,

Inclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Inclusion - Essay Example The term "inclusion" captures the two-way movement taking place to abolish the distinction between the disabled and the general population. Rather than treat the disabled as a separate group, those who support the notion of "inclusion" called for promoting the principle that society and its institutions have to structure its processes and systems to accommodate everyone without any form of discrimination so that a wide range of people with their individual characteristics, including that portion although a minority to be a part of, and not apart from, of the benefits that can be enjoyed by the general population. Thus, while inclusion has been widely used in the field of education, arising from the roots of liberal and progressive interpretations of the declaration of human rights, it has widened its scope to cover the ideal of an inclusive society (Ainscow). An inclusive society is one where any person can fit in and realize his/her full potential with the help of social institutions that are prepared to do so, instead of focusing mainly its resources to the general population that is characterized by the statistical mean. The reasons for the growing popularity of inclusion are easy to understand. With the growth in prosperity of human societies, there is likewise an improvement in the level of knowledge and science that has enabled society to better understand many of the scientific causes of disabilities. There is likewise a growing sensitivity to the plight of those with these disabilities, and the growing realization that the opportunities enjoyed by the majority of the population should also be enjoyed by those members of society who, regardless of where the fault lies, have disabilities. Therefore, the purpose of inclusion is humane and recognizes the idea that the quality of a society can be gauged by the way it takes care of those who suffer and are least capable of taking care of themselves because they participate and carry out their social function with a physical or mental handicap. Inclusion, therefore, is a good development because it recognizes the dignity and value of every person, and that everyone, including (or especially) those with disabilities can contribute in their own way to make the world a better place for everyone until the end of time. Meanings of Inclusion Inclusion is a term that has several meanings of varied depth and scope. It means more than the simple integration of disabled persons in mainstream or regular schools and in society (Low). The meaning has developed into an ideal of "inclusivism" that takes into consideration all children as a whole and focuses on radical changes that need to be made in schools and educational and teaching systems, instead of just re-placing children from a special to a mainstream education setting (Booth et al.; Wedell; Porter in Thomas et al.). Inclusion is easier dreamt of and said than done because of its complex nature that demands a reorganizing and reconstructing various aspects of the educational system. Gregory argues that these adaptations vary according to the disability, but several changes apply to the wider set of students. Gregory adds that changes would include environmental arrangements like the physical layout of classes, equal access to facilities from anywhere, playground adaptations; material and equipment

Electric Sources and their common use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electric Sources and their common use - Essay Example e advantages associated with this form of energy generation include environment friendly generation in terms of the carbon dioxide and other poisonous gases. On the physical waste emission front, its wastes are considerably more dangerous than other forms of energy generating sources. They can harm the living beings on earth, and also in water if the waste is drained into the rivers. The amount of water used in these power plants is also a contentious issue since it brings the sea life in direct contact to nuclear material. Over period of time, number of nuclear power plants has gone wrong and have resulted in massive destruction. Though they are the alternate source of energy, and with lots of promise, yet they have their own issues as well. Their installation also requires heavy investment. In U.S.A, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ensures putting necessary restrictions on the power plants operators to ensure safe and productive working with no human life at direct threat

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALTSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALTSIS - Essay Example Section 2 provides a comparative analysis of the impact of IFRS’ adoption on financial reporting quality and capital market). Section 3 evaluates the consequences and overall impact of adoption of the IFRS in EU and Section 4 is concluding part of the essay. Accounting quality is an important aspect of financial reporting as this information serves as a strategic source for stakeholders and influences their decisions. With the adoption of the IFRS the rules and norms of financial reporting have been changed and modified, causing different opinions among various groups of stakeholders (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). It is widely debated whether the adoption of the IFRS has improved the quality of financial reporting among the EU firms (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). Thus, for example, several researchers have analysed the impact of IFRS adoption and the change in cash flows and net income, and concluded that the companies applying IAS have more value relevance of earnings, less earnings management and more timely loss recognition between the period before and after adoption of IFRS (Barth et al 2008; Christensen, Lee & Walker, 2008). These researchers believe that reliance of the IFRS leads to higher accounting quality, how ever, only in case of the firms are incentivised to be transparent and to adopt IFRS (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). According to Christensen, Lee & Walker (2008), the firms, which were forced to adopt the IFRS, did not show improvements in accounting quality. Some researchers have identified some potential problems associated with the IFRS adoption and financial reporting quality. One of the concerns related to IFRS adoption and its impact on the accounting quality is associated with risk of different interpretations of IFRS (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). Researchers determined some of the following areas for possible variations in interpretation: intangible

Concert Review Form Essay Example for Free

Concert Review Form Essay Each student is responsible for attending a live music performance and turning in one concert review each trimester. The concert review can be handed into you current band director before the end of the trimester. You concert review should be designed so that it could be printed in a newspaper as a music or concert critique. All of the below questions should be answered, but responses should be in paragraph, rather than numbered format. Concert Review Checklist: Be sure to use complete sentences, correct grammar and spelling. Answer each question within the context of the review. Title your critique in reference to both the music and the performance. All reviews should be typed and double-spaced. Reports will be graded on the quality and thoroughness of the response. Attach this sheet, a ticket stub and/or program (if available) to the top of the report. Concert Reviews need to be turned in before the end of the trimester. Concert Review Reminders: †¢ Concert Reviews will not be accepted unless they are typed. †¢ If you have not answered the questions below, your Concert Review is less than complete. †¢ Do not use casual or conversation language. For example: umm, well, yea, etc. †¢ Do not wait until the last moment to see a concert. †¢ Do not answer the questions in numbered format. 1. Introduction: Tell the reader about the performance. Include both visual and audio clues for the reader. Be descriptive about how the setting of the space (or the uniforms, or the programs) helped the audience understand what was about to be performed. a. The performers and the space: What type of performance did you attend? What was the name of the group (if any)? Give a brief description about the group: size, instrumentation, professionals/amateurs, purpose of the performance. 2. Development: Tell the reader about the music. Include descriptive words that allow the reader to know what you thought about the performance without exactly stating your opinion. For example: â€Å"The second piece on the program was Bach chorale that contrasted well with the first piece of music. However, the minimal use of dynamics and lack of passion from the performers resulted in a lackluster performance.† a. The music: What type of music did they perform? How did the performers act? (Did they appear nervous or confident? Did they seem to know what to do? How did they interact with each other? How did they interact with the audience?) 3. Your Critique: What did you like? Why did you like it? If it was an amateur group, did the group play up to their ability or above/below it? a. What you liked/disliked: Give a brief description of what you liked about the performance. List 2-3 things specifically that you would want the reader to know. 4. Your Conclusion: Give the reader some final thoughts about what you enjoyed about the piece of music and how you thought the performance went. Would you buy the CD? Go to another concert? Recommend it to a friend?

The Role Of The Un In The Contemporary World International Law Essay

The Role Of The Un In The Contemporary World International Law Essay Despite the United Nations many failures and successes it still continues to be the worlds best peacekeeping component and therefore the best hope the worlds got. The above statement creates lots of debate in the modern world however even with the UNs many fails, it still provides many successes and therefore is the best hope the worlds got. Apart from peacekeeping the UN runs many other agencies and funds that aim to improve peace, development, the environment and health among many other things. The international organization known as the UN was founded in 1945 after the already existent League of Nations had failed to live up to its aims as it did not prevent the Second World War. In 1945, 51 countries signed the UNs peace charter in dedicating to maintain international peace and security. Today the United Nations has 192 member states and many peacekeeping operations. The United Nations aims to maintain international peace and security, promoting social progress, provide better living standards and basic human rights to all and to co-ordinate efforts for a safer world for our present and future generations. Evidently the League of Nations did not prevent war after World War One as the UN was a result of World War Two, another main factor that the UN wishes to maintain under control. The UN has a system that is based on five principal organs; it was previously six however the Trusteeship Council is currently suspended since 1994 as it had prepared the 11 countries to govern for themselves. Therefore the five councils are the General Assembly, The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Security Council, The Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice. The General Assembly is the main reasoning assembly. It is composed of all the member states and it is the only time and place when all the members of the UN have an equal vote and when any nation may voice their opinion. All member states have the opportunity to address the assembly. The assembly is run by the Secretary-General (currently Ban Ki-Moon) who is also seen as the leader of the UN. Current issues are discussed such as peace and security actions, elections of members to organs such as heads and semi-permanent members for the Security Council and funding matters. Many positive actions take place due to the UN however as the assemblys resolutions are non binding they cannot force any actions on a state as the members are under no legal obligation. This leaves the UN with little power regarding the co-operation of member states; this problem also persists in the Security Council when the permanent members use their veto power. The Security Council could be seen as the most powerful part of the UN as any organ can make recommendations however the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions. All member states are bound by the UN charter to obey the Council however it is often that the council cannot come to an agreement due to the veto power. The Security Council has 15 members, which five are permanent. These five states are the allied states of World War Two who were seen as winning the war. They include Russia, America, UK, France and China. The other ten members are non permanent and change every two years. The council decides on certain resolutions for peace and security. The five permanent members have a veto power that they may use at any time, and as often as they like if they do not agree with a certain decision e.g. intervening between conflicting countries. Therefore many decisions and resolutions have been rejected as it only takes one permanent member to disagree. This is a huge negative regarding the UN as it has caused many problems e.g. during the Cold War between Russia and the USA the UN could never intervene and come to a decision as either one of the countries would reject a resolutions if they found it would put their country in danger. This explains why the council often cannot come to an agreement. Once the council has agreed and approved for action it first explores actions to settle the dispute peacefully under the terms of the charter, often the UN sends peacekeeping troops to the province where armed conflict would have been caused. The UN does not have army troops therefore they rely on voluntary admission from member states. An example where the UN was not successful was the intervention in the Rwandan Civil War in 1994. The Security Council voted to pull the peacekeepers out of the war, except for the UNAMIR (United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda) its objectives were to supervise and assist the utilization of the Arusha Accords; protocols that were signed to end the Rwandan Civil War. Before the withdrawal of the UN ten Belgian peacekeepers were held hostage and killed. The decisions of the UN could be blamed for the Security Councils indecisive approach. The Economic and Security Council (ECOSOC) stands for the basics of the UNs aims to improve the standards of living and promote international economic and social development, mainly focussing on the worlds poverty stricken groups. The council meets every year and since 1998 twice a year to also discuss the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The councils main activities oversee the activities of a large number of institutions that are known as the UN system, the system includes specialized agencies, programmes and funds. The UN founders decided that they should lighten the suffering of the worlds poorest as the UN believes that prosperous people do not go to war. This is achieved by the specialised agencies and programmes such as UNICEF and WHO. The United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund was created to provide help for all the suffering children due to World War Two. UNICEF is still active today and cares for children throughout the world by providing health care, food, education and water regardless of their age, gender, religion or race. Unlike non-government organizations UNICEF is an inter-governmental organization and is obliged to governments. These organizations have lots of supervision and rely on contributions from anonymous donors, government and fundraisers. The use of well known sports teams has become a popular way of promoting UNICEF as the teams donate money to the organization and then promote the fund. The fund received criticism from the Vatican and Catholic groups when they used some finances to condone the sterilization and abortion in women. Despite the criticism and difficulties UNICEF, together with WHO, endures, many of their projects have been successful in improving the standards of l iving especially after war destruction and natural disasters. The World Health Organization is a specialized agency that obtained its approval and resources from its predecessor, the Health Organization which had been an agency of the League of Nations. It aims to improve the standard of health throughout the world and tries to assist countries in providing better health services and ending disease spreading from country to country. WHO have also attempted to control the outbreaks and spreading of infectious diseases such as malaria, swine flu, TB and HIV/AIDS. While the organization has had many successes in treating patients around the world there has been controversy with the Catholic church again as they do not believe in the use of contraceptives however WHO responded by stating that it was irresponsible to make statements against the practise of safe sex as there is a global pandemic which has affected many people around the world. The Security Council may not have lived up to its aims regarding the Rwandan genocide however ECOSOC managed to assist refugees as WHO and UNICEF provided the bare necessities such as food, shelter and health. These are perfect examples of the UNs fails and successes as the Security Council cannot make decisions based on peacekeeping however once the damage has been done seeing as the Security Council couldnt stop it, the ECOSOC council manages to restore some failures by providing health etc. and did what it could to enable them to return home. The main problem within the UN lies in the five permanent members of the Security Council. The ability to veto a decision does not make the organization democratic. Therefore the UN needs to plan ways to reform the Security Council.

Does the Market System Best Allocate Resources?

Does the Market System Best Allocate Resources? In order to accurately examine the belief that the market system best allocates resources and encourages positive investment climate we must look at the functioning of the market system, resource allocation and the criterion within a positive investment climate. A Market System is a system where buyers and sellers interact without the intervention of government regulations. Inherent in this system is the concept that sellers want to gain maximum price for the goods, services and resources offered and buyers want to receive value for the lowest price. The balance of this relationship leads ultimately to the market equilibrium price. However, important to note in this system is that all factors external to the Market have no effect on this relationship that is government regulations or policies. Resources are therefore strictly allocated to the production of those goods which give the sellers maximum return and correspondingly give the consumers the maximum satisfaction of their wants at a market price. Within the Market system resource allocation is heavily dependent on the variations of the price of the resources themselves. Price acts as an indicator to both the consumers and the sellers within the market (Price Signals as Guides for Resource Allocation, Anon, n.d.) To be explicit given accurate price information the sellers will use high priced scarce raw materials, (e.g copper market) or resources to produce goods of high value. Likewise only those consumers who see benefit in consuming those higher valued goods will demand them therefore achieving balance within the system. Similarly where the price of a readily available resource is low it will be allocated by the resource users for use to produced goods in a lower valued tier and consumer behavior will also react accordingly. To summarize, the shifts in the price of privately owned resources within a free market results from the shifts in the demand and supply of the resource i.e. capital, labor, raw material. This is believed to lead in turn to efficient resource allocation by the resource owners through: (Expanding the supply) Reallocating resources to the production of high priced goods. (Contracting supply) Reallocating resources away from the production of low priced goods. Reallocating resources to production of goods in high demand by consumers in order absorb excess demand. Reallocating resources away from the production of goods in low demand in order to absorb excess supply. Therefore efficient allocation of scarce resources is based on private consumption, production decisions or a combination of both at the market equilibrium price. The investment climate itself is determined by several factors which affect the investment choices, opportunities and the resultant benefits gained by a firm or investor. A good investment climate encourages efficiency and productivity in order to increase profits and therefore increase capital available for investment (Investment Climate, Anon, n.d.). We must recall that the market system itself encourages producers to allocate resources such that they are put to use where there will be no wastage at the market price i.e. Pareto optimal allocation (Griffiths and Wall 2008 p. 212). Therefore we can say that the market system fosters efficiency within the business environment through full utilization of investment capital, machinery and labor. Essentially this indicates that the market system encourages a positive investment climate. It can be said that the creation of employment and market expansion is an indicator of a positive investment climate. As established, the market system is such that, where opportunities exists for both expansion into new markets or producer output to be increased, the private owner of the resources will act in response . For example, all things being equal, increased consumer demand for natural gas converted cars in Trinidad and Tobago would lead to increased production of scarce natural gas and new suppliers followed by increased job opportunities. From our examination of the market system and scarce resource allocation within it we have seen why it is believed by some that the market system is the best mechanism for allocating scarce resource. This is justified through accurate market price signals and the resultant efficiencies created and the positive effects these have on the investment climate. Bibliography http://livingeconomics.org/article.asp?docId=232 http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpdc=dspk=pure+market+economy References http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investmentclimate.asp PURE MARKET ECONOMY, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2010. [Accessed: November 10, 2010]. 746 Q.2 Why do some people believe that not everything can be left to the free market, but that governments also have a role to play in encouraging a positive investment climate? Explain your reasoning. In order to explore why some may believe that everything cannot be left up to the free market but government has a role to play in fostering a positive investment climate we must first look at what constitutes a good investment climate. The World Bank Report (2005) declared that a good investment climate is not one only centered on profit generation but one which cultivates benefits to society as a whole. Taking into consideration the free market system and its characteristics it is established that in this system exists: Private ownership of the scarce resources. The private needs and wants and or production decisions influence the allocation of scarce resources. Profit maximization as aim of producers. That is to say the free market system does not factor in the needs of society in pricing or distribution of scarce resources. The market system is such that scarce resources are allocated to the production of those goods whose market price yields maximum gain. However, in the production of these goods in the pure market system will to certain effects. These effects are known as Externalities. It is known that externalities occur when economic decisions create costs (negatives) and benefits for people other than the decision taker (Griffiths Wall, 2008). Externalities often lead misallocation of the scarce resources (Griffiths Wall, 2008, p. 35). These misallocations of scarce resources in the free market may occur where: The social benefit of production is not maximized as opposed to the private benefit of the production (profit maximizing firm). The social cost of production is less than the private cost. Where these situations are left unchecked, as will occur in a free market system, they will lead to over production and under production respectively (Griffiths Wall, 2008, p.283 p.284). There are other ways in which the free market will lead to misallocations such as in the provision of public goods, These would not be produced by the market system since no private benefit would be gained. Additionally where imperfect information exists within a market it can lead to misallocations (Griffiths Wall, 2008). This is especially important since the consumer and producers within a free market depend on information in order to allocate their resources i.e. capital. For example where a firm will make false claims about the high quality product which have not been verified by a government agency, this will lead to consumers using this product based on these claims. This will in turn signal to producers to elevate to higher production levels. The market system also has inherent failures for example natural monopolies and externalities. Where monopolies We must now consider what role the government plays in offsetting these inefficiencies and encouraging a good investment climate. As discussed previously a positive investment climate is one which considers the needs of the society. Therefore one important role the government plays in fostering this climate is in the provision of public goods, for example the police force for maintaining order in society. This also leads to trickle down benefits to the firm in terms of a stable society and deterrent to crime which is a cost to the firm (World Bank Report, 2005). The government can also seek to create opportunities for employment which is hallmark of a good investment climate. This may be done by providing incentives, financial or otherwise, to firms who introduce youth apprenticeship programs. The World Bank Report (2005) says that government has to control the markets through macro and micro economic policy. This may occur specifically in the form of regulations and also taxation. Consider where an environmental tax is introduced for firms producing a product with a dangerous chemical byproduct. This passes on the true costs of production to the firm. These capital gains by government can then be reinvested into society. Whilst the free market may allocate resources it is important to remember this allocation is based on profits and price signals. The government must therefore control the direct factor markets to some extent to bring fairness and stability. This may be achieved through minimum wage legislation or controls on the trade union powers. As we have seen the free market system on its own will lead to inefficiencies and misallocation. If a positive investment climate is to be fostered the government must interject in the form of macro and micro economic policies. Ideally this intervention results in a duality of benefits to both the firm and the society in the form of expanded growth and opportunity for all (The World Bank, 2005). Suggest some actual government policies that might be used in your country (name the country) to improve the investment climate. Explain your reasoning. The World Bank (2005) suggests that a good investment climate benefits society as a whole, not just firms. And it embraces all firms, not just large or politically connected firms. The government plays a central role in furnishing the improvement of the investment climate through use of policies and regulations. Let us examine some government policies that might be used in Trinidad and Tobago to facilitate the improvement of the investment climate. In Trinidad and Tobago there exists a problem within the land market of unregistered residential properties, with most residential properties being unregistered. As a result transactions within the property market have become an extremely complex and expensive process. This has resulted in a small supply of registered lands being available for purchase, as a consequence, property ownership and even rental in some cases, is only within the reach of the rich. I suggest that the Trinidad government adopt a housing policy that promotes property ownership for all. Through rapid programs of registration of title the supply lands readily available would increase sending market prices down. In so doing, in the medium to long run this would Raise living standards by potentially placing wealth in the hands of all. Secure future property rights of citizens. Reinvigorate the stagnant financial market for loans. Potentially create thousands of jobs within the construction and trades sectors. We must remember that the business environment must also benefit if an improved investment climate is to be realized. Therefore another policy that could be adopted is one of zero percent corporation tax for a fixed period for newly incorporated firms within the manufacturing sector. This would result in creation of new firms, jobs and creation of new business opportunities within the capital market. Additionally, these incentives would lead to expansion of the manufacturing sector, and improvements in the trade deficit position. For the benefit of existing firms the government could also drastically reduce the tax on profits gained from exports as was done in India during the 80s (World Bank, 2005). This would lead to stimulation of the manufacturing sector, increase of the countrys GDP and investments in new technology to improve production efficiency. Trinidad and Tobago suffers from the plagued of crime and a painfully slow justice system. The social policy areas of crime and justice must be looked at urgently by the government in conjunction with the above stated policies. Through reform of the crime and justice policies, improvements in the Investment Climate will be seen and would be advantageous to both society and firms. It is known that crime places additional costs on firms through hiring of security and losses from robberies (World Bank, 2005). Also the risk to investment associated with corruption poses a constant threat to investors, both foreign and local. Likewise crime affects the society as a whole corroding the investment climate. Therefore the policy should seek to: Focus on shortening the process time for serious violent crimes. Significantly increase the severity of punishment for violent crimes and public dissemination of information of such. Strengthen the anti corruption laws to reduce investment risks. There are numerous policy tools available to the government to intervene and improve the investment climate. The policies explored will improve the investment climate since both the firms and society will be benefactors. Q2. It is said that the main aims of macroeconomic policy are to achieve sustainable economic growth, a low rate of inflation, low unemployment and a balance of payments equilibrium For ONE country of your choice (name the country) a) Consider to what extent these aims have been achieved over the last 10 years b) Choose ONE of the aims and discuss the policies which the Government might use to achieve this aim over the next 10 years c) Recently it has been suggested that increasing the happiness of the population of the country should replace these 4 aims as the key objective of government policy. Discuss the difficulties the Government might encounter in trying to achieve this objective. a) The Trinidad and Tobago government, like most countries, intervenes into the working of its economy through the use of its macroeconomic policy. In order to assess their success over the past 10 years in doing so, we must first look at what macroeconomic policy entails. Macroeconomic policy can be described broadly as the range of strategies used by a government to influence the workings of the economy or economic business cycle. Traditionally a government can influence the macro environment of an economy through the use of fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policies are aimed at controlling government revenues and monetary policies are geared towards controlling the supply and demand for money (Griffiths Wall, 2008). Low inflation may be considered to occur where prices rise steadily as oppose to periods of high inflation where consumer prices rise sharply. During the last ten year period the Trinidad government to a degree failed to achieve low inflation rates. Over the period 1999-2009 Trinidad and Tobago had varying rates of inflation as shown in Table 1.Trinidad and Tobago is often considered to have relatively low inflation however during the period 2004 to 2005 it experienced a relatively sharp increase in consumer inflation. Thereafter a sharp increase in the price of consumer goods resulted. During this period the government adjusted its fiscal policy decreasing the tax base and increasing their expenditure on large infrastructure projects. The periods that followed also showed increases in inflation in line with the increases in aggregate demand within the Trinidad and Tobago economy. During the last ten year period the government achieved relatively low unemployment figures primarily through the government driven infrastructure program, community employment programs and investment in downstream energy projects. The government also sought to achieve balance of payments equilibrium through investments large manufacturing projects, increasing the availability of acreage for oil exploration and contraction of car imports market. Additionally they increased their savings base by offering bonds and financial instrument on the open market during the period. Trinidad and Tobago experienced marked economic growth over the last ten years, seen by the consistent yearly increase in the GDP. This can be attributed to the increase in foreign currency reserves from Oil and Gas exports. Also, from the supply side, the government sought to expand the supply of labor through the tertiary level financial assistance programs. However sustainable growth is concerned not only with expansion of the economy but also with low inflationary growth and resource issues (Pettinger, 2008). In this regard, Trinidad have not been successful since there have been upward inflationary pressure in the economy coupled with lax environmental regulations during the period. In Addition to these facts the oil and gas reserves are being exhausted at a rapid rate though the One Horse economy. Trinidad and Tobago has done comparatively well in achieving the aims of macroeconomic policy. However, its success can be misleading since the government benefitted from windfalls from the oil and gas industry. Also the corresponding issues of growing inflation, resource exhaustion and environmental degradation still prevail. b) Sustainable economic growth can be thought to be manifest by the expansion of the Gross Domestic Product of a nation. However it is also thought to include low inflationary growth and productive sustainability (Pettinger, 2008). In order for Trinidad and Tobago to achieve sustainable growth in the next ten years the government must look at the following policy initiatives: 1. Diversification of the economy by investing in the agricultural sector. 2. Pursue the establishment of local Economic Zones or Free trade to encourage investment in manufacturing; to include removal of import duties on purchases of new capital equipment. Trinidad and Tobago has the climate, acreage and resources available for the expansion of its agricultural sector. The enhancement of this sector would lead to increases in exports, inflows of foreign currency and increases in the employment base. The improvement of this industry would also result in lower food prices resulting in lower consumer inflation (Sankar, 2010). The establishment of an economic zone would lead to increases in foreign direct investments and economies of scale for local producers who stand to benefit from foreign know how (World Bank Report, 2005, p.167). The government must also include tax breaks for exporters in the economic Zone which should encourage further investment. These initiatives when grouped would ensure sustainable economic growth in Trinidad in the next ten years since they would lead to increased exports, productive output and curb price inflation. Additionally the problem of resource exhaustion would be aided through diversification of the economy. From these facts it is conclusive to say that through a policy liberalization and expansion of the agriculture sector Trinidad can achieve sustainable economic growth in the next ten years c) Increasing the happiness of a people is purported to be able to replace the four aims of macroeconomic policy. It is often argued that by increasing happiness that output and national income will be increased whilst high unemployment and inflation will not occur. Veenhoven (2005) describes happiness as the personal enjoyment one gains from his life as a whole. However, there exists no standard measure for the happiness of a nation. A government would first face a dilemma in choosing measures of happiness since it is a subjective topic. Additionally happiness has been seen to be relative such that measures of happiness may have to differ based on class or even race (Layard, 2005 cited by Griffiths and Wall, 2008, pp. 78, 79). It is important to remember that man has unlimited wants. Therefore it follows that another dilemma which would face governments with an objective of happiness is the utilization of scarce resources. Are they to allocate resources to produce more luxury items? Happiness as a replacement for the aims of macroeconomic policy is a utopian ideology of modern economists. The implementation of such an objective would call for massive shifts in thinking, policy and regulatory structure of the Trinidad government. These shifts call for long term planning which is always a problem for small emerging economies like Trinidad and Tobago. However the idea of happiness of the population is one that warrants further research.

The Sons Veto Essay examples -- The Sons Veto Thomas Hardy Essays

The Son's Veto Thomas Hardy was a novelist and a great poet. He was born into the working class until he married into the upper class, forgetting about his past because of the embarrassment it caused him. He was born in 1840 and died in 1928. Sophy is an upper class woman with a lower class background who is used to working class expectations and 'not up to the standard of the upper class'. Sophy had worked as a maid in the house of the reverend as a young girl and after his first wife died had stayed to look after the reverend. After an accident which left her partially lame, the reverend asked her to marry him. Her life would have been happier if she had married Sam instead. She would not have been caught between society's boundaries. An example of his embarrassment about his background is shown when he is alleged to have destroyed evidence of his past when working on his autobiography about him. He was reluctant for his upper class acquaintances to know about his poor past. Another example is the fact that he did not invite his family to his wedding. He was embarrassed about them and did not consider them good enough to mix with his new family. This is reflected in 'The Son's Veto when Mr Twycott ensured that the wedding was held in secret because it would destroy Mr Twycott's reputation. In those days people from the two classes could never mix. Another example is that Sophy and Rev Twycott gave up their home in Gaymead and went to live in a small 'dusty house' in London. 'They were however away from everyone who had known her former position'. This is an example of Rev Twycott wanting to get away from observation and gossip. They were prepared to give up everything to avoid gossip and hide ... ...ship with Sam, thus denying her any happiness and so contributed to her downfall. The Son's Veto is written in the third person. Hardy however, intrudes on the narration with his personal comments such as his comments on Sophy's hairstyle and the amount of time and work she spent on it. She had done it all herself, poor thing. She had no maid and it was the only accomplishment she could boast of. Hardy evokes the readers sympathy for Sophy by giving her a hard life who never gets what she wants because of the restrictions of society. Sophy had a number of weaknesses but I believe that the restrictions of society played a great part in her downfall. If she had married a working class person she would have had a far happier life. Generally, it is far easier today for the two social classes to mix, people are more tolerant about other people's origins. The Son's Veto Essay examples -- The Son's Veto Thomas Hardy Essays The Son's Veto Thomas Hardy was a novelist and a great poet. He was born into the working class until he married into the upper class, forgetting about his past because of the embarrassment it caused him. He was born in 1840 and died in 1928. Sophy is an upper class woman with a lower class background who is used to working class expectations and 'not up to the standard of the upper class'. Sophy had worked as a maid in the house of the reverend as a young girl and after his first wife died had stayed to look after the reverend. After an accident which left her partially lame, the reverend asked her to marry him. Her life would have been happier if she had married Sam instead. She would not have been caught between society's boundaries. An example of his embarrassment about his background is shown when he is alleged to have destroyed evidence of his past when working on his autobiography about him. He was reluctant for his upper class acquaintances to know about his poor past. Another example is the fact that he did not invite his family to his wedding. He was embarrassed about them and did not consider them good enough to mix with his new family. This is reflected in 'The Son's Veto when Mr Twycott ensured that the wedding was held in secret because it would destroy Mr Twycott's reputation. In those days people from the two classes could never mix. Another example is that Sophy and Rev Twycott gave up their home in Gaymead and went to live in a small 'dusty house' in London. 'They were however away from everyone who had known her former position'. This is an example of Rev Twycott wanting to get away from observation and gossip. They were prepared to give up everything to avoid gossip and hide ... ...ship with Sam, thus denying her any happiness and so contributed to her downfall. The Son's Veto is written in the third person. Hardy however, intrudes on the narration with his personal comments such as his comments on Sophy's hairstyle and the amount of time and work she spent on it. She had done it all herself, poor thing. She had no maid and it was the only accomplishment she could boast of. Hardy evokes the readers sympathy for Sophy by giving her a hard life who never gets what she wants because of the restrictions of society. Sophy had a number of weaknesses but I believe that the restrictions of society played a great part in her downfall. If she had married a working class person she would have had a far happier life. Generally, it is far easier today for the two social classes to mix, people are more tolerant about other people's origins.

Biography Of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky :: essays research papers

Biography of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL) Jan Schakowsky was elected to represent Illinois’ 9th Congressional District on November 3, 1998, after serving for eight years in the Illinois State Assembly. The 9th Congressional District encompasses city and suburbs, including the North Lakeshore of hicago, Evanston, Skokie, Niles, Morton Grove and several Northwest Side neighborhoods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A consumer and senior citizen advocate U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky has fought throughout her career for economic and social improved life. She is support of universal health care coverage for all Americans, to investment in public education, and o seniors citizens, working families, and women issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schakowsky is active in the campaign to give 39 million senior citizens and persons with disabilities access to affordable prescription drugs. Schakowsky is also working to ensure that seniors receive quality home, hospice, and nursing home care. In 1969 Schakowsky led the fight that put freshness dates on products sold in the supermarket, Schakowsky carries on that tradition in Congress. She introduced the Financial Consumers’ Bill of Rights Act, a comprehensive bill to put an end to ATM surch ges and exorbitant bank fees, and to deliver real financial privacy protections for consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her first term in office, she was successful in including provisions in major legislation to expand housing opportunities for low-income people and to assist small business owners and farmers. She is an active member of the Congressional Human Right Caucus and is a champion of expanding our nations’ hate crime laws. Following the vicious hate crimes committed against her constituents and others over the 4th of July weekend in 1999, her bill condemning acts of hate was passed by the full House.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She active in protecting children and putting an end to gun violence. In 1999, she organized the first national women’s forum on gun safety in Chicago and is working against the gun lobby to pass sensible gun safety measures that would save lives. Scha wsky also introduced major bills to increase federal assistance for abused women and children and to protect the rights of battered immigrant women. Schakowsky is working to deliver to the people of the 9th Congressional District superior services and a voice in congress when dealing with federal agencies. Representing one of the most diverse districts in the nation, Schakowsky immediately took on t Immigration and Naturalization Service on behalf of her constituents in order to bring to an end the agency’s culture of the â€Å"customer is always wrong. Biography Of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky :: essays research papers Biography of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL) Jan Schakowsky was elected to represent Illinois’ 9th Congressional District on November 3, 1998, after serving for eight years in the Illinois State Assembly. The 9th Congressional District encompasses city and suburbs, including the North Lakeshore of hicago, Evanston, Skokie, Niles, Morton Grove and several Northwest Side neighborhoods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A consumer and senior citizen advocate U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky has fought throughout her career for economic and social improved life. She is support of universal health care coverage for all Americans, to investment in public education, and o seniors citizens, working families, and women issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schakowsky is active in the campaign to give 39 million senior citizens and persons with disabilities access to affordable prescription drugs. Schakowsky is also working to ensure that seniors receive quality home, hospice, and nursing home care. In 1969 Schakowsky led the fight that put freshness dates on products sold in the supermarket, Schakowsky carries on that tradition in Congress. She introduced the Financial Consumers’ Bill of Rights Act, a comprehensive bill to put an end to ATM surch ges and exorbitant bank fees, and to deliver real financial privacy protections for consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her first term in office, she was successful in including provisions in major legislation to expand housing opportunities for low-income people and to assist small business owners and farmers. She is an active member of the Congressional Human Right Caucus and is a champion of expanding our nations’ hate crime laws. Following the vicious hate crimes committed against her constituents and others over the 4th of July weekend in 1999, her bill condemning acts of hate was passed by the full House.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She active in protecting children and putting an end to gun violence. In 1999, she organized the first national women’s forum on gun safety in Chicago and is working against the gun lobby to pass sensible gun safety measures that would save lives. Scha wsky also introduced major bills to increase federal assistance for abused women and children and to protect the rights of battered immigrant women. Schakowsky is working to deliver to the people of the 9th Congressional District superior services and a voice in congress when dealing with federal agencies. Representing one of the most diverse districts in the nation, Schakowsky immediately took on t Immigration and Naturalization Service on behalf of her constituents in order to bring to an end the agency’s culture of the â€Å"customer is always wrong.

Paul Ehrlich’s Time Bomb Book Review

– In the book â€Å"The Population Bomb† (Literary Digest written in1932) by Paul Ehrlich written in 1968 he states that he prefers the environment over man-kind, to make a balance between the population, the environment and the carrying capacity through population control: â€Å"one billion is the number of humans that Ehrlich says he would find acceptable†. He also made predictions about what the world would undergo by 1970. He predicted that the world would go through serious famine and that hundreds of millions of people would have starved to death since there was not going to be enough food to feed them. But he suggested that the answer to fight against this was very simple: to have population control. He also argued that population control had to begin at home and then push other countries to make the same thing so that the whole world finally combine each other to create the proper balance with population control: â€Å"We must have population control at home†¦We must use our political power to push other countries into programs which combine agricultural development and population control. † Through the writing of this book he is creating consciousness in people to decrease as possible the birth rates in the world. ‘An essay on the principle of Population' – Paul Ehrlich is criticizing the work titled ‘An essay on the principle of Population' which was published in 1978 and concentrates in its author; the economist Thomas Malthus. In this essay, Malthus, becomes aware that with an increasing population food supply has also got to increase, they are directly proportional to each other. The bigger population there is, the bigger the food supply has to be. This work pushed others, like Charles Darwin and the sociologist Karl Marx to come up with their own ideas about this hypothesis. Many modern ideologies think that the carrying capacity of the world is about to be surpassed, that humanity is slowly reaching the carrying capacity of Earth. In other words, that the resources existing in the world, will not be enough to sustain its population. An example of this can be for example Asia, which is no the biggest continent in the world but it contains 1/3 of the world's population. And other countries such as Bangladesh and Niger are experiencing a high population and many people are starving to death. Ehrlich also suggests that due to the decrease in fertility rates because of medical advances (vitamins, vaccines etc) the working population will also be decreased. Nevertheless, other countries that have high indices of growth rates have not suffered from an economic decline. This means that even though that the population is increasing, the working population is enough supply all the old people and young ones. Lastly he suggests that most of the worlds populations living in cities are beginning live in urban areas. Ehrlich's ideas are very pessimistic because none of them include a â€Å"good hypothesis† about the future of the world. He does this because he wants to create awareness and sense in people about population bombs. According to optimistic views, all the advances that have occurred in the world are a positive thing and its actually called population growth. Optimists think that for a country to have more jobs and constantly renewing technology is a good indication that the population is growing correctly. On the other hand, Ehrlich believes that populations should be stopped from increasing more, since later on in time this will become a bigger problem. Ehrlich's ideas nowadays are not that useful, but maybe that his hypothesis and ideologies come true one day or the world takes the path that he suggests and by the writing of his famous book, he stops the world from dying of starvation and famine. One criticism to his ideas is that he does not take into account the development of the countries in terms of political, social, and technological, because the ideas may not apply for the USA but they do for Bangladesh, so his points are very generally done. – What Happened to Catastrophic Predictions Made By Radical Environmentalists? Between the decades of 1960 and 1970, the industry of â€Å"cottage† which it had emerged from books with predictions of catastrophes that could occur because of population growth. Twenty years later, by 1990's, these books were proven to have wrong predictions in them, and that they had also exaggerated the view of the consequences of an increasing population. This piece of work makes a very hard judgment for Paul Ehrlich since he is shown to be as a liar because his predictions had not occurred. However, that didn't stop Ehrlich to keep on writing his â€Å"prophecy† books and predictions. Ehrlich was not seen as a trustworthy person and was considered to be a fake, radical person. – Paul Ehrlich Paul Ehrlich is considered to be the new Malthus. Distinctively from Malthus he never gave up with constantly making predictions. He was waiting until out of a coincidence, his predictions would actually become true. The first prediction that Paul Ehrlich's made was that between the decades of 1970 and 1980, hundreds of millions of people would starve to death. When he did this the fact that future strategies to prevent this might arise was not taken into account. His prediction was totally wrong and his prediction about that the death rates would increase uncontrollably was also wrong. As time went by, famine was decreased because of the countries development. In some countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa, there was plenty of food but due to the fact that there was no political force to deliver this to the people. Ehrlich's intended to call the USA government so that they take charge into the population growth problem. With that, Ehrlich purpose was to provide solutions to his main problem: Population growth. His idea was to include in every food production contraceptives. By this he intended to make everyone take in those products which would make them not produce any offspring and by that decrease the population growth. Ehrlich was wrong; again. To make this plan become a reality many things had to be done first, so it would take a lot of time to have it done. Also, this would be an act against the humanities beliefs and rights and at the same time, (taking into account what year it was when this plan was proposed) it would have been scientifically difficult due to the fact that the procedure could be very and extremely difficult. Ehrlich was pro in Bob Packwood's idea that in order to reduce birth rates, for every child born, a tax should be placed to the parents so by doing this there should be reductions for children being born and therefore the birth rate is reduced. Because of this, pregnancies are less attractive to the population and therefore as explained above, birth rates and growth rates would decrease. Ehrlich suggested another way of decreasing birth rates and growth rates implementing what were called â€Å"luxury taxes† for baby accessories. This meant that the normal price of the baby's accessories will be charged higher than normal; reducing the possibility of a couple to have babies or decrease the number they were expecting to have. At the same time, â€Å"responsibility prizes† as suggested by Ehrlich, would be awarded to those people; men and women who practice abstinence. For example: a couple that has been child-less for 3 years and their husbands were committed to practice a vasectomy, were awarded prizes. Ehrlich also came up with a very harsh and un-human solution. He suggested that any food aid from richer countries to poorer countries should be banned. In this way, the population starves and encourages having less people because food is insufficient for everybody. Many people such as Ehrlich make the â€Å"problem† public, such as the population bomb to create awareness and concern in people and the government. They believe that the problems are taking place now, and not in the future. They want attention and fame from the rest of people. However, most researches have been proven to be incorrect and therefore, did not achieve their goal to attract attention.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 16

A fighter have sexs instinctively when theres no chance. plainly R modifyel planned to fight any itinerary.And thusly she noticed someaffair wrong.The vampires should lose caught it first. then(prenominal)(prenominal)-senses were sharper. But their senses were moroseinward, focused on the victims in await of them. Rashel was the whole one whose senses were turned pop outward, qui vive to everything besides focused on nothing. on that point was a smell that was wrong and a sound. The smell was sharp, stinging, and close by. The soundwas soft, distant, scarce recognizable.Gasoline. She could smell gasoline. And she could hear a worn down dull roar that sounded like the open fireplace inthe host direction-but was coming from somewhere else in the firm.It didnt make sense. She didnt understand. But she believed it.Quinn, mature ready to run, she said, a gasp on a soft breath. Something was about to happen.No, we clear micturate of to fight-His thought to her broke aside. Rashel turned to bet at the penetrationway.Hunter Redfern had moved into the gathering room-but there was someone in the h whole. so thesomeone stepped forward and Rashel could see her spunk.nyala was smiling promisingly. Her small queenly send was high and her morose eyeball were flashing. She was safekeeping a red gasoline open fire in one hand and a liter of grapefruit juice in the other. The bottle was mostfull of transparent and had a eager rag stuffed in the top.Gas. Gas from the pump on the wharf, Rashel thought. A Generation-X Molotov cocktail.Its all everywhere the house, nyala said, and her voice was lilting. Gallons and gallons. All over the dwelland the doors.But she shouldnt be hanging on to it, Rashel thought. That bottle is going to explode.You see, I am a real vampire hunter, Rashel. I figure this way, we outlet on rid of them all at once.And the house is already fervent.Behind the carved screen on the right side of the room, ruddy coruscati on was flickering, growing. The faint roarthat had disturbed Rashel was louder now. Closer.And everythings wood, Rashel thought. woods paneling, wood floors. Frame house. A deathtrap for vampires. cash in ones chips her, Hunter Redfern said. But none of the vampires supercharged toward nyala with herabout-to-explode bottle of death and her offer of fire accelerant. In fact, they were backing external, despicableto the perimeter of the room.Hunter spun to face Nyala directly. You need to coif that down, he began in telepathic tones of absoluteauthority-at the alike(p) clip Rashel shouted, Nyala, no-The sound of telepathy seemed to set something off in Nyala. Flashing a glary savage smile, shesmashed the grapefruit juice bottle at his feet.With approximately the same motion, she threw the gasoline can, too. It was flying in a graceful arc toward thefireplace, spinning, spilling liquid, and vampires were scattering to strive to follow out of the way.And then everything was exploding-or maybe erupting was a better word. It was as if a dragon hadbreathed suddenly into the room, move a lucky gale of fire through with(predicate) with(predicate) it.But Rashel didnt drive time to watch-she and Quinn were two diving. Quinn was diving for the floorpast Nyala, stressful to drag Rashel with him. Rashel was diving for Timmy.She didnt know wherefore. She didnt intend about it consciously. She simply had to do it.She draw Timmy with the entire force of her consistency and knocked him to the floor. She cover him as thefire erupted behind her. Then she scrambled to her knees, her branch locked round his chest. boththing was echo and heat and confusion. Vampires were yelling at apiece other, running, shoving eachother. The ones whod been splattered with gas were on fire, trying to send it out, getting in one anothers way. acclaim on Quinn said, clout Rashel up. I know a way outside.Rashel looked for Nyala. She didnt see her. As Quinn dragged her int o the hall, she aphorism dark smokecome billowing from the dining-room area. The hall was bathed in reddish light. jazz onQuinn was pulling her across the hall, through the smoke. Into a room that was full of orangish flames.Quinn-Timmy was kicking and struggling in Rashels sleeves. cry at her. She kept her enchant on him.And she went with Quinn. She had to trust him. He knew the house.She hadnt realized how frightening fire was, though. It was like a beast with hot shriveling breath. Itseemed alive and it seemed to want to get her, roaring out at her from upset(prenominal) places.And it spread so fast. Rashel would never have believed it could move so quickly through a house, evena house soaked with gasoline. In a yield of minutes the building had become an inferno. all overshe looked, there was fire, smoke, and a horrifying reflection factor of flames.They were on the other side of the room now, and Quinn was kicking at a door. His sleeve was on fire.Rashel twisted her hand out of his and beat at it to put it out. She almost lost hold of Timmy.Then the door was swinging outward and sedate gloriole was rushing in and the fire was roaring like a crazything to meet it. She was simply running, in panic, her only thought to hold on to Timmy and to digest with Quinn.They were out. But she smelled burning. And now Quinn was grabbing her, rolling her over and over onthe sandy unpaved road. Rashel realized, dimly, that her clothes were on fire in back.Quinn halt rolling her. Rashel sat up, tested to glance at her own back, then looked for Timmy.He was crouched on the road, staring at the house. Rashel could see flames coming out of the windows. great deal was pouring upward and everything seemed as gleaming as daylight beneath it. be you all right? Quinn said urgently. He was facial expression her over.Rashels whole body was swear out with adrenaline and her heart was pounding insanely. But she couldnttake her look off the house.She stumbled to her feet. Nyalas in there I have to get her.Quinn looked at her as if she were raving. Rashel just move her head and started jockstraplessly toward thehouse. She didnt want to go anywhere near it. She knew the fire wanted her dead. But she couldnt leave Nyala in there to burn.Then Quinn was shoving her roughly back. You endure here. Ill get her.No I have to-You have to watch Timmy Look, hes getting byRashel whirled. She didnt have any clear judgment of where Timmy might be getting aside to-but he was onhis feet and sorrowful. Toward the house, then away from it. She grabbed for him again. When she turnedback toward Quinn, Quinn was gone.No-there he was, darting into the house. Timmy was squall again, kicking in her fort.I dislike you he shouted. Let go of me why did you take me out?Rashel stared at the house. Quinn was at bottom now. In that holocaust of flame. And hed gone because ofher, to sustain her from going herself. gratify, she thought suddenly and distinctly. Ple ase dont let him die.The flames were roaring higher. The night was brilliant with them. Fire was raining in olive-sized burning bitsfrom the sky, and Rashels nose and eyes stung. She knew she should get farther back, but she couldnt.She had to watch for Quinn. wherefore? I hate you Why did you take me out?Rashel looked at the strange exact creature in her arms, the one that was acrimonious and kicking as if it wantedto go back into the burning house. Shedidnt know what Timmy had become-some eldritch combination of child, adult, and animal, apparently.And she didnt know what kind of afterlife he could possibly have. But she did know, now, why shedbrought him out.She looked at the childish face, the angry eyes full of hate. Because my mom told me to take manage ofyou, she whispered.And then she was crying. She was dimension him and sobbing. Timmy didnt try to hold her back, but hedidnt bite her anymore either.Still sobbing, Rashel looked over his head toward the house. Everyth ing was burning. And Quinn was let off inside.Then she precept a figure silhouetted against the flames. Two figures. One holding the other, half carrying it.QuinnHe was running toward her, supporting(a) Nyala. They were both covered with soot. Nyala was swaying,laughing, her eyes huge and distant.Rashel threw her arms around both of them. The relief that washed over her was almost more painfulthan the fear. Her legs literally felt as if they had no bones-she was going to wrinkle at any second. Shewas tottering.Youre alive, she whispered into Quinns charred collar. And you got her. She could know Quinns armaround her, holding hard. naught else seemed to matter.But now Quinn was taking his arm away, pushing her along the road. Come on Weve got to get to thewharf before they do.In a flash, Rashel understood. She got a new grip on Timmy and turned to run toward the hiking path.Her knees were shaking, but she found she could make them move.They lurched down the path in the wild gra ss, Quinn supporting Nyala, she carrying Timmy. Rasheldidnt know how many vampires had made it out of the burning house-she hadnt seen any- but she knewthat any who did would head for the dock.Where she and Annelise had handicapped the boats.But as the wharf came into view, Rashel saw something that hadnt been there when she left it. Therewas a yacht in the harbor, swinging at anchor.Its Hunters, Quinn said. HurryThey were flying down the hill, stupefying onto the wharf. Rashel saw no sign of the werewolf shed bindup earlier, but she saw something else new. An inflatable red dinghy was tied to the pier.Quick You get in first.Rashel put Timmy down and got in. Quinn lifted Timmy into her arms, then put Nyala in. Nyala wasstaring around her now, laughing in spurts, then halt to breathe hard. Rashel put her free arm aroundher as Quinn climbed in the dinghy.Every second, Rashel was expecting to see Hunter Redfern appear, blackened and smoldering, with hisarms outstretched like some s piteful demon.And then the footling travel was purring and they were pitiful away from the wharf. They were leaving itbehind. They were on the ocean, the cool dark ocean, freeing themselves from land and danger.Rashel watched as the yacht got bigger and bigger. They were close to it now. They were there.Come on. We can climb up the swimming ladder. Come on, fast, Quinn said. He was reaching for her,his face unfamiliar in a masquerade of soot, his eyes intense. Absolutely focused, absolutely determined. give thanks God he knows what to do on a boat. I wouldnt. She let Quinn help her up the ladder, thenhelped Timmy and Nyala. Nyala had stopped laughing entirely now. She was simply gasping, lookingbewildered.What happened? What-? She stared toward the cliffs where orange flame was shooting into the sky. Idid that. Did I do that?Quinn had pulled up the anchor. He was heading for the cockpit. Timmy was crying.Kneeling on the deck, Rashel held Nyala. Nyalas eyelashes were ruin to cris p curls. There was whiteash on the ends. Her mouth was trembling and her body shook as if she were having convulsions.I had to do it, she got out in a two-ply voice. You know I had to, Rashel.Timmy sobbed on. A motor roared to life. All at once they were moving swiftly and the island with itsburning torch was dropping behind.I had to, Nyala said in a choked voice. I had to. I had to.Rashel leaned to rest her head on Nyalas hair. spark advance was whipping around her as they raced away. Sheheld the tiny vampire in one arm and the trembling human girl in the other. And she watched the fire get smaller and smaller until it looked like a star on the ocean.

European Tour Operators Essay

IntroductionThe big-environment looks at bountiful trends shaping the national and international environment. An outline of the macro environment is crucial in determining the factors which shake a direct jounce and/or office bring the strategic direction of an organisation. The macro-environment is difficult for organisations to influence and counterchanges kindle be far-reaching. The media is usually rich theme of both information and speculation and as untold(prenominal) cannot be a reliable source of reference. in that location atomic number 18 available tools for analysing the macro-environment in an attempt to expose those factors, which might give birth an bushel upon the organisation, both in terms of being a threat or an opportunity and these include* The PESTEL mannequin* Key drivers* ScenariosThe PESTEL framework categorises environmental influences into six main types* Political* sparing* Social* Technological* Environmental* LegalThe PESTEL analysis ev aluates the broad societal trends that affect many industries. It identifies genuine and future developments that will shape the micro-environments of each assiduity sector. Key drivers for change argon environmental factors that are likely to bewilder a high blow on the victory or failure of a byplay strategy. Scenarios are detailed and plausible views of how the business environment of an organisation might develop in the future based on severalize drivers for change about which there is a high take of uncertainty.Question 1 Key drivers of change utilize the PESTEL framework, which wait ons us control the key drivers of change and outside(a) influences on the organization, we can identify the underlying forces in the macro-environment driving the war-ridden forces as follows1.1) POLITICAL Terrorist attacks that resulted in tight security measures and strict immigration laws. pursual these attacks many countries put some destination off-limits, trip out insurers wou ld refuse to c everyplace racing circuitists if they went there despite the political sympathies ban or warnings against such exits. Tourism alike suffered when prolonged tourist abductions began to affect tourist perceptions.1.2) economical the economic crisis can positively and negatively impact tourism perseverance. Economic crisis became the major threat which results in the collapse of some major players in the industry, for ideal the closing d proclaim of XL Leisure class. Given that the UNWTOs Tourism 2020 Vision had harbinger that international arrivals are expected to reach tight 1.6 billion by the year 2020 this implied that much than opportunities and more arguing was to be expected in the plan of attack years. Hence the assertion that recession can give way positive impacts. It therefore was an opportunity for the survivors as they enamor more securities industry space and more consumers to engulf in.Moreover, a post-recession boom could be expected and winning into consideration that tourism contributes 10.6% of domain of a function GDP they everlastingly get their stake from the disposable income. 1.3) TECHNOLOGICAL Customers relying on internet and online sales were increase. Statistics show a virtuous 72% of UK households had access to internet in 2008 and is increase compared to previous years. Even though online sales slay it easier for customers and cut monetary values by reducing staff and intermediaries, it also possesses a threat to companies. Internet has a low barrier for entree (Porter, 2001) and newcomers can comfortably pop into the competition.Question 2 Porters analysis structureMichael Porter (HBR, 1989) says awareness of the five dollar bill forces can help a union understand the structure of its industry and stake out a position that is more dineroable and less vulnerable to attack. basketball team force framework helps identifies the sources of competition in the industry (Johnson et al., 2005). Fi ve forces which are not independent ofeach other, draws a connection mingled with competitive forces and the key drivers in the macro-environment.The forces reveal the to the highest degree significant aspects of the competitive environment. They also provide a baseline for sizing up a companionships strengths and weaknesses Where does the company stand versus buyers, suppliers, entrants, rivals, and substitutes? Most importantly, an soul of industry structure guides managers toward fruitful possibilities for strategic action, which whitethorn include any or all of the adjacent positioning the company to better cope with the current competitive forces anticipating and exploiting shifts in the forces and shaping the balance of forces to develop a new industry structure that is more favourable to the company. The best strategies exploit more than wizard of these possibilities.2.1Competitive rivalry There is a pass competitive rivalry in the industry. High fixed represent larg ely favours the incumbents. And there is a significant 5% difference in commercialize share surrounded by the top 2 commercialise leading (TUI 18.6% and doubting Thomas Cook 13.9% in 2008). These huge variations of market shares of incumbents change magnitude the competition in the industry.2.2The threats of substitutes Even though TV, games or other social activities can act as substitutes, they will never be same as travelling. Moreover, there is a low specialization of products and unitedly there is low threat of substitutes.2.3 The bargain force play of buyers There is a low switching cost to buyers with the emergence of internet and online sales. But the low differentiation of products and lesser number of substitutes limits the bargaining power of buyers to low.2.4The bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers have high negotiation powers against the companies having a low share in the market. But in a market where the top 5 market leaders covering more than 43.1% of mar ket and possessing a threat of backward integration, there will be a power balance.This implies only a moderate bargaining power for the suppliers.2.5The threats of new entrants High ceiling Requirement creates a high barrier of entry for newcomers. And more than 70 % of market share is controlled by the top leaders and this reduces the price retaliation and keeps the economies of shell high. Brand Recognition also acts as a barrier to new entrants. Hence, the threat of new entrants is low.3. Five forces and the futurePorter (1987) said a company can maintain its leadership in the market only by establishing a difference that it can preserve and by keeping its structure attractive. TUI is the leading company in the concentrated market of tour operators in Europe with a staggering 21% of the market share. TUI operates in over 180 countries widely distributed serving more than 30 million customers fling a wide range of leisure travel experiences. They also operate around 240 hotel s of which majority are in the 4- or 5- star category. The strengths of TUI will help them to maintain their leadership in the tourism industry. opposed Vertical Integration of TUI helped them to spread out finished the value chain. This do them deliver a higher(prenominal) value when compared to their competitors at a cheaper price. Being their own suppliers (Airlines, Hotels etc.) helped them to attain cost leadership. Their investments on direct dispersal channels act as a key driver reducing the distribution cost and increasing the margin. Their multi-channel distribution focusing on online sales made them capable of retaining their customers and gaining new customers.Stable and management informal shareholders supported them to incorporate better customer serve along with their excellent operating service, and thus sift their presence in the value chain. Moreover, TUI had better liquidness and financial situation following the sale of Hapag-Lloyd. The achievement of com panies varying from tourism, airlines, hotels, cruises etc. all over the realism help them attains differentiation.They claim their differentiated products are constitutive(a) part of their customer retention, brand building and singularity and thus gained them the competitive advantage in the market (Annual cut through, 2008).TUI always seek to create value for their customers, investors and employees. As the number of short-haul travels increases, TUI will gain from concentrating a bout more on supporting this (can enter in road transportation facilities). Alike other leaders in tourism industry, TUI will also have to tackle their consolidated fixed assets. The level of success achieved by TUI holds some important lessons and some much needed inspiration to a business world that could use a little of both.However gibe to the humanness Market Travel Industry Report (2010) the travel and tourism industry fear the semipermanent impact the global downturn will have on the indus try, believing it will struggle to decease to pre-downturn demand levels and returnability until 2016. More than half of the industry (52%) believes the global downturns impact on tourism demand is one of biggest get laids facing the industry over the near five years. Furthermore, 49% mat the downturns impact on price, profit and margins is a big issue over the next five years the two biggest percentage responses to the doubt What is the biggest single issue facing your business over the next five years?When asked what is the single biggest issue facing their business over the next five years the global downturns impact on demand for tourism is cited by more than three out of ten people (31%), mend the downturns impact on price, profit and margins is cited by a quarter again the two biggest percentage responses to the question.REFERENCES1. Annual Report. (2008). TUI Annual Report. TUI AG.2. Johnson G and Scholes K (2010) Exploring Corporate Strategy (9th ed). London Prentic e Hall. World3. Porter, M. E. (1980). How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy. TheMcKinsey Quarterly ,34-50.4. Porter, M. E. (2001). Strategy and the Internet. Harvard backup Review, 63-79.5. Porter, M. (1987). From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 43-596. TUI website. (n.d.).Retrieved November 6, 2009, from http//www.tui-group.comTUI cheek Study UNWTO. (2005). Tourism 2020 vision. Retrieved October 31, 2009, from World Tourism fundamental law http//www.unwto.org/facts/eng/vision.htm