Caesars Gallic Wars

Sanders Walker Dr. Bishop Western Civilization 103-104 11/20/12 Caesars Conquest Caesar is known as one of the greatest military leaders in history. His was General and later, Ruler of Rome during its peak years. Caesar is known for his military strategy and conquest of much of ancient Europe. Where Caesar made a name for himself was his conquest of the Gauls. Caesars conquest of Gaul consisted of many campaigns throughout northern Europe; the most notable being the battles of Avaricum, Gergovia, and the final battle in Alesia.Caesar and Vercingetorix, the leader of the Gauls, were both similar in ambition. How does Caesar fair strategically against Vercingetorix and the Gauls at the battles of Avaricum, Gergovia and, Alesia? Caesars conquest of Gaul was indeed his most difficult one. Gaul consisted of dozens of tribes and much of the territory being Northern Europe had never been explored before by the Romans. A great amount of pressure was put on Caesar by himself to conquer Gaul.H e was in deep political debt to Rome and its leaders, and he saw the conquest of Gaul to the best way to get out of debt and make a name for himself. Caesar making the first [1]Triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey gained the power of the election and became consul for the year 59 B. C. During this year he was made, â€Å"Governor of Illyricum, or Dalmatia, and of Gaul, that is to say of Gallia Cisalpina† (Pg. 40), this land is really known as a Province that Caesar acquired. Caesar having acquired these lands, but not officially having control, sought to conquer the inhabitants.Caesar is described as, â€Å"In person he was tall and slight, but well-knit; and, if he was as licentious as the mass of his contemporaries, his constitution, fortified by abstemious habits, was capable of sustaining prodigious efforts. His broad dome-like skull ; his calm and penetrating eyes ; his aquiline nose ; his massive yet finely moulded jaw, expressed, like no other human countenance, a rich and harmonious nature, aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  intellect, passion, will moving in accord. And, if his vices were common, his generosity, his forbearance, his [2]equanimity, his magnanimity were his own.He believed, with an unwavering faith, that above himself there was a power, without whose aid the strongest judgement, the most diligent calculation might fail. That power was Fortune; and Caesar was assured that Fortune was ever on his side† (Pg. 41). Caesar was extremely ambitious and refused to be undermined by his enemies, this is probably why his conquest against overwhelming odds was so successful. As Caesar dealt with his issues in Rome, there was word that newly acquired provinces in Gaul were going to be marched on by the Helvetti.Caesar left Rome as soon as possible, cutting through the Alps to reach the province of Geneva (Cisalpine/Transalpine province). Caesar legions linked up with the legion of that province and destroyed the bridge or Rhine leading to Geneva. Helvetii sent requests to pass through, but Caesar denied them. Caesar waited out the requests as levies were created and simply denied the crossing of the Helvetii. Some tried to force themselves over, but failed miserably in doing so. Caesar crossed back gathering more legions for his command.Caesar dispersed his legions with Lieutenants into different regions of Gual, with his plan being to divide the already disbanded Gallic tribes. Caesar returned to Rome and received great praise for his victory over the Helvetii. Caesar marches back towards northern Europe in 58 B. C where Ariovistus and his massive hordes of Germanic soldiers, had become a threat to Caesars campaign against the Gauls outside the town of Vesontio. The legions lacking rest and supplies and fearing Ariovistus, was taking its toll on Caesars men.A panic amongst the legionnaires ensued; Caesar immediately puts to work his persona. Giving a riveting speech to the legions, he regained the confidence overwhelmingly. There on ly several miles separating Caesar and Ariovistus, but many Cavalry skirmishes took place as Caesar tried time and again to force the Germanics to fight. Ariovistus requested several meetings with Caesar, the first resulting in failure due to lack of compromises, and the second because Caesar never attended. Ariovistus refused to fight before the New Moon, Caesar finding this out attacked early forcing the Germans to fight.Caesar having command of the right wing of the legions, had planned on attacking the opposing Germans left wing which was supposedly their weak point. Ariovistus and the German horde fell upon the Roman legions quickly leaving huge gaps between the legions. This prevented the Roman javelins to be thrown. The Germans formed a, â€Å"[3]phalanxes† (Pg. 66), which was a wall of men inclosing themselves in a shielded wall. The Romans made quick dismemberment of this wall of shields as the Romans, â€Å"Dug their swords down into them† (Pg. 66), leading t o the German left wing falling back.The left wing of the Roman legion however was beginning to give up ground. In command of the Caesars cavalry was Publius Crassus, the son of the famed triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus. Publius Crassus led the 3rd line of the cavalry in and quickly rerouted the German onslaught on the Roman left wing. This led to the victory over Ariovistus and the Germanic army. With later victorious campaigns over Aquitani, Usipetes, Tencteri and Atuatuca from 56-54 B. C. Caesar believes Gaul is won and return to Rome to gain political power. While Caesar believed Gaul to be, â€Å"tranquillized† (Pg. 29), or rather under control as Caesar had planned to make all of Gaul a Roman province. The Gallic chieftains discussed in great detail of what was to become of Gaul if something was not done. A rumor quickly spread through Gaul in 52 B. C that Clodius had been murdered and violent riots broke out all over Gaul. The Gallic chieftains of Carnute made quick us e of time while Caesar was still in Rome; a small group of Carnutes stormed into the town of Cenabum and killed Roman merchants and a commissariat officer of Caesars as well.In the Gallic town of Gergovia, a young Gallic noble came to power. His name was Vercingetorix and he quickly assumed dominance throughout Gaul. Vercingetorix was very impressionable and ambitious, much like Caesar. He soon united all Gaul sparking a massive rebellion in 52 B. C. Caesar observed Vercingetorix and saw that he was vastly becoming a huge threat. Roman provinces in peril began to fall due to lack of supplies, But Caesar moved swiftly from Rome to rescue the provinces. Caesar stopped the invasion of Narbo. Caesar still needed to regroup with his legions in the north.Caesars being the brilliant military leader he was, planned to march north through mountains of [4]Cevennes into the land of Vercingetorix, where the land Agedincum was. The journey was rough for Caesars men under the harsh conditions of winter, but to Caesars advantage, Vercingetorix did not realize where the Romans were or where they were going. As Romans came through the mountains, â€Å"Caesar’s horsemen swept over the country in small parties, carrying fire and sword† (Pg. 135), Caesar anticipated that Vercingetorix would come to Agedincums relieve, and he did so reluctantly while Caesar proceeded north to regroup with his legions.Once Caesar had gathered his legions he awaited Vercingetorix next move. Vercingetorix recovered from the Romans strategic maneuvering, decided to go south, opposite of Caesars position and siege Gorgobina an allies of Caesars provinces. Vercingetorix figured this, â€Å"To strike at Caesar’s allies would be equivalent to striking at Caesar himself† (Pg. 136). This indeed was true it was imperative that Caesar could not lose the trust of his allies, but Caesar also knew that pursuing hundreds of miles south without enough supplies would put his legions at r isk of starvation. Caesar contemplated this and decided to relieve Gorgobina.Caesar instead of taking the same route he took to come north he went around in attempt for revenge for the massacre of Roman citizens. Caesar went about it, â€Å"More-over, by ravaging the lands of Carnutes and Bituriges, he might count on forcing Vercingetorix to relax his hold on Gorgobina† (Pg. 137). Caesar captured Vellaunodunum and approached Cenabum with rage as Romans set [5]Cenabum ablaze as supplies were given up to the legions while Caesar marched onwards to Avaricum. Vercingetorix believed the only way to weaken Caesars onslaught through his land was to burn and destroy any resources ahead of Caesar.The Gauls did not receive the news very optimistically. Burning down towns and crops was a harsh method of slowing down the Romans, but Vercingetorix got the Gauls to agree, with this speech he made, â€Å"They must make up their minds to sacrifice their own interest for the national weal. E very hamlet, every barn where the enemy could find provender must be burned to the ground. Even the towns must be destroyed, save those which were impregnable, lest they should tempt men who ought to be in the field to go to them for shelter, and lest the Romans plunder their stores† (Pg. 139).The Gauls still however thought to defend Avaricum rather than burn it to the ground. Avaricum was surrounded by walls and marshes and moats. Caesar made his encampment south of Avaricum several hundred yards out. Caesar realized the only way to siege Avaricum was to build siege towers and terraces. The marshes could not serve as proper platforms so, â€Å"in order to provide a secure foundation, the ground was cleared of obstructions and leveled as far as possible by men working inside stout huts† (Pg. 140). Wooden shields protected men relaying material through, â€Å"lines of sheds† (Pg. 40), as it was said to have taken several weeks to construct the towers. The effects of Vercingetorix burning of Gallic resources began to take its toll on Caesars legions. The Romans supplies began to dwindle and as Caesar sent men out to gather supplies and resources, Vercingetorix had patrols keep track of Caesars movements. Caesar was surrounded and while they waited to attack Avaricum, his men killed the cattle for food. Caesar did all he could to keep his legions spirits up, he would tell them, â€Å"He would abandon the siege† (Pg. 141), but the legionnaires were stubbornly loyal.A small attack was made on the towers, but only set the construction a day behind. The following day Caesar conducted his siege of Avaricum. The siege took no time at all with the Romans climbing the walls, they realized it was pointless to go down into the city, but rather, â€Å"They lined the wall round; and not a man of them would come down. Throwing away their weapons, the Gauls ran for their lives through the town to its furthest extremity; and there many jostling one another in the narrow gateways, were slaughtered, while others, who shouldered their way out were cut down by the cavalry† (Pg. 146).This was indeed a massacre by the Romans; no one was spared not man women or child. The Romans found a multitude of resources such as corn and other supplies. The Gauls were outraged by this massacre at [6]Avaricum. Caesar had hoped to break the Gallic pride with this victory, but it did quite the opposite. Vercingetorix following the massacre made a speech and a promise to Gaul. This speech gave Gaul a new found enragement and confidence. Caesar marched south to Gergovia, Vercingetorix homeland. Once Vercingetorix got word of Caesars movement he quickly destroyed all bridges along the river leaving only the bottom intact.As the Gauls caught up with Caesar, the Romans found it impossible to repair the bridges with the Gauls watching. Caesar was forced to come up with another diversion; under the cover of darkness he moved opposite of one of the b ridges, and in the morning, â€Å"he took forty out of the sixty cohorts, composing his force; arrayed them in six divisions, so that seen from a distance, they would look like the six legions† (Pg. 149). With Caesar outwitting Vercingetorix, he moved south toward the mountain of Gergovia.As Caesar approached Gergovia a cavalry skirmish ensues, but the Gallic cavalry of Vercingetorix is forced back in the stronghold of Gergovia. Gergovia was going to prove to be another difficult siege due to its geography, â€Å"The town stood on an oblong plateau, which formed the summit, extending about seven furlongs from east to west, and six hundred yards wide† (Pg. 150). The town also had an outer wall as well, but the weak point appeared to be the southern wall. There were two large encampments in Gergovia, the smallest was on the southern wall, while the main encampment was on the steepest part of Gergovian wall.Caesar under the cover of night had several divsions move up the southern wall having Vercingetorix think that was where the main attack would be. Caesars full-scale attack actually occurred on the eastern or steepest side with Vercingetorix largest encampment was. The Gauls were caught off guard, â€Å"but the Romans deceived by their armour, took them for enemies: the Gauls were closing in up them on every side† (Pg. 158). As the Romans became overwhelmed they came back down the southern hillside, the Gauls followed blindly, as the Gauls were struck by left and right flanks of Caesars [7]10th legion.The battle on the hill was devastating on sides, 46 centurions and approximately 700 legionnaire’s dead and thousands wounded. Caesar disbanded the siege and tried to return to Rome to regroup and gather supplies and men. After the Gergovia the people of Gaul still had their faith in Vercingetorix, he was re-elected Commander and Chief. Caesar is further planning his campaign decided to enlist a large number of German cavalry to his as sortment. During the entire Gallic Wars, Caesar has been outnumbered almost 3 to 1 and sometimes 4 to 1 odds, but Caesars strategy is what has been proving key in battles; the quality of men over numbers.As Caesar marches toward the provinces, Vercingetorix in a sudden ignorant act of boldness ascends his infantry and small cavalry head on attacking Caesars Roman legions. Caesar staying calm, â€Å"He sent his cavalry, in three divisions, to repel the triple attack† (Pg. 168). The Gauls retreated to Alesia with Caesars legions following close behind night and day. As the Romans reach Alesia Caesar informs his men that this battle will be a, â€Å"toilsome effort† (Pg. 170). Caesar realized that Alesia could only be taken by what he called, â€Å"a line of investment, fully nine miles in length, along which a ring of camps was constructed† (Pg. 70), this was a series of circumvallations: trenches, ramparts, entrenchments, and barriers built around Alesia with cav alry on low ground and legion infantry on high slopes. The Romans being few in number did not have enough men or cavalry to guard the surrounding blockade of Alesia. Vercingetorix realizing that he was being closed in with four Roman legions linking up with Caesars six legions, Vercingetorix had to get help somehow. Under the cover of darkness Vercingetorix sent out Gauls to every region and, â€Å"bring back with them every man who could wield a sword† (Pg. 171). He also reminded them not to abandon the Gallic cause.Caesar had been given news of Vercingetorix call for relief armies, by group of deserters. Caesar understood that he too was surrounded by all of Gaul, but it was still uncertain whether the relief armies would show up for Vercingetorix. Unlike the Romans who had proven loyalty and precision in battle, the Gauls even though united, were still undisciplined and lacked the skill of a Roman legionnaire. Caesar seeing the potential threat from the surrounding mountai ns proceeded to build entrenchments and barriers to his rear and on the western slope of Alesia where an open meadow was located.Caesars men made haste with the construction of barriers and traps like, â€Å"five rows of strong boughs were fixed in each, with one end protruding above ground, sharpened and with the branches projecting so as to form a kind of [8]abatis† (Pg. 139/Part I). Caesar also had traps under the ground surface, â€Å"In front of them and rising a few inches above the ground, but purposely concealed by brushwood, were sharp pointed logs embedded in small pits† (Pg. 139/Part I), as there were also barbed spikes lying under the turf. Caesar moved quickly to gather as much corn and resources as he could, knowing that this battle may very well be the last.Meanwhile inside the wall of Alesia Vercingetorix had the grain thrown into a single stock; as the grain would be dispersed among the soldiers rather than the citizens. A council of Gallic Chieftains gathered at an assembly to discuss Vercingetorix situation in Alesia and how he had requested a, â€Å"universal levy† (Pg. 173), or a mass of armies combined. It was heavily debated because many tribes were at conflict with Germanic tribes or resolving domestic problems; some simply refused to send any army. In all about 43 tribes joined in with a massive cavalry as well.Four generals were given command of the 250,000 Gauls as it was said there was, â€Å"No one leader of sufficient eminence to command universal respect† (Pg. 174), this would be proven decisively. As the relief army of Gaul marched towards Alesia, days away, the city was going into famine. The chieftains proposed the method of cannibalism as said, â€Å"That their fathers, when driven into the fastnesses by the Cimbri and Teutoni, had sustained life by feeding upon the flesh of those who were useless for warfare† (Pg. 175). It was rather decided that the weak, young, and old were citizens of th e town, were to be exiled.The hopeless looking women and children, and elderly came down to the Roman blockade. Caesars blockade forbid no-one to pass through; the exiled inhabitants were not taken in, instead Caesar had them sent back or stay between the lines of the wall and blockade to perish. The relief army soon arrives passing through the mountain valley, they could be seen from miles away as a mass of cavalry and infantry. Commius leading the Gallic mass launched a cavalry assault on Caesars rear defenses as Vercingetorix attacked from the inner defenses from [9]Alesia.The Roman legions held strong repelling the Gallic cavalry with Caesars brilliant defensive military strategy. The Romans formed a compact body of infantry and split the Gallic cavalry’s onslaught into disarray. The one major advantage the Caesar had over all the Gauls it was the reliable communication he had with his commanders of his legions. The Romans were on point and deadly, as the first day was wo n by Caesar. A 24 hour period of cease fire took place, and this time under the cover of darkness the Gauls launched a surprise attack on the Roman blockade using loud shouts to alert the rest of the Gallic army.The Gauls attempted to siege the blockade walls with grappling-hooks and ladders they attempted to overpower the blockades. In between the defensive lines the Gauls were dismembered by the wooden spikes and traps placed along the lines. Two sections of the Gallic army failed to cooperate with the rest of the mass due to poor [10]communication during the night. Roman artillery took apart the Gauls in between the defenses as casualties mounted because of poor effectiveness during the night raid. The Gauls retreated before dawn, fearing a flank from the right.Vercingetorix and Caesar refused to give into each other with casualties piling up on both parties, neither side budged. The soldiers of both sides were describes as they fought, â€Å"Every man fought like a hero; for th ey knew that from the heights around friends and enemies alike were anxiously watching† (Pg. 176). Vercingetorix and the Gauls planned for a final assault on the Romans. Vercingetorix discovered a weak spot in the Roman blockade where Caesars men were unable to build a barrier. The Gauls with no delay assaulted the weak point with 60,000 Gallic warriors against only two legions.The Romans became heavily overwhelmed and in disarray with 60,000 Gauls attacking from the rear and Vercingetorix army attacking from the inner walls. The Romans in panic and disorganization were described as, â€Å"painfully distracted by the roar of battle in their rear; for both on the inner and the outer line men felt, as they fought, that they would perish if their comrades behind suffered the enemy to break through† (Pg. 178). It was difficult for the Roman legions to mass together due to the overwhelming Gallic numbers. Vercassivellaunus, commanding the 60,000 Gauls from the rear; continua lly sent fresh infantry in.The Gallic infantry was disposable due the sheer numbers. Caesar seeing the disarray of the Romans and his cavalry sent Labienus with six cohorts to hold their ground till they were forced to fight in open ground. In astonishing fashion Caesar mounting horseback went down the Roman line as it was depicted, â€Å"riding down between the lines on to the plain, he harangued his weary soldiers and adjured them not to give in† (Pg. 179), continuing he said, â€Å"Just one short hour, and the prize was won† (Pg. 179). It was not until Caesar himself on horseback galloped steadfast, leading the last head on assault.A new found zealous came over the Roman legions as they followed behind Caesar, they disbanded the Gauls in a mass, scattering across the land. The Gauls to appease the Romans would have Vercingetorix give himself up and die. Vercingetorix gave himself up willingly out of respect for Caesar, being an admirer of his military brilliance. It was said that Vercingetorix, â€Å"took off his armour, laid down his sword, and bowed himself at Caesar’s feet† (Pg. 180). Caesar had no admiration for Vercingetorix as it came with a great cost. Caesar had him imprisoned in a dungeon, and then executed six ears later. The conquering of Gaul propelled Caesars political power tremendously. In 49 B. C he was elected dictator or emperor of Rome and soon after Civil war broke out eventually leading to Caesars killing. Caesar outwitted the ambitious and powerful, yet inexperienced Vercingetorix profoundly in the battles of Avaricum, Gergovia, and Alesia. Caesar conquered Gaul in such extraordinary fashion, that it still leaves some historians in amazement. Caesar outmaneuvered a quarter million Gauls and strategically dismantling them.Caesars reasoning for this long and grueling conquest of Gaul was to dig himself and Rome out of the debt that had amounted. His conquest of Gaul was also an attempt, a successful one at tha t, to further his political career and bolster his power. His victory in Rome, as said before, put Caesar on a pedestal surpassing Pompey and Crassus and making him the favorite amongst Roman people. Works Cited Holmes, Thomas. Caesar's conquest of Gaul. 1899. Print. . Julius, Caesar, W. A. McDevitte , and W. S. Bohn. The Gallic Wars . 1st. Print. . Julius, Caesar, W. A. McDevitte , and W. S. Bohn.The Gallic Wars . 3rd. Print. . Julius, Caesar, W. A. McDevitte , and W. S. Bohn. The Gallic Wars . 4th. Print. . Julius, Caesar, W. A. McDevitte , and W. S. Bohn. The Gallic Wars . 8th. Print. . Holmes, Thomas. Caesar's Conquest of Gaul:An Historical Narrative (being Part I of the Larger Work on the Same Subject). Part 1. Macmillan, ———————– [1] The First Triumvirate was between the Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. An alliance to help bolster power for Caesar in particular. [2] Equanimity†¦one of Caesars great attributes being that he was very calm and poised in battle. 3] Phalanxes was a battle formation with consisted of shields and spears. The Romans used it very effectively against all. [pic] [4] The Cevennes Mountains are in south-central France. It is known as Hidden France by some. [5] Cenabum’s massacre was Caesars attempt at revenge as the town was pillaged. [6] The massacres of Cenabum and Avaricum specifically, was because of the difficulty Caesar had sieging the towns, thus frustration led to the killings. [7] The Roman 10th Legion was known as the Legio X Equestris and was one of Caesar more famous legions. 8] Abatis were used as barriers; they had long sharpened pointed logs. [9] â€Å"According to Napolean I (Precis des guerres de Cesar, 1836, p. 110), more than fifty days must have elapsed between the departure of Vercingetorix’s cavalry and the arrival of the relieving army† (Pg. 175) [10] Gaul having 4 commanding armies that totaled in a quarter million men made it Qy â⠂¬ËœÃ‚ »LiAOUaaaA ? â„ ¢  ¶ ? n w ? o? UO? UAU »Ã‚ ±Ã‚ §? â€Å"†°Ã¢â‚¬Å"oA|o_oRoRERhw? h42aCJ^JaJhw? h. â€Å"CJ^JaJjhyg? 0Jhw? h ®w†ºCJ^JaJhw? ho  CJ^extremely difficult for Vercingetorix to communicate successfully outside the walls.

Chaucer on marriage

Chaucer looks at male and female perspectives on marriage and shows the entire institution to be a farce, stereotyped by wealthy, flaccid old men and young, beautiful, deceitful wives. January, the old man in the merchant's tale, says â€Å"wedlock is so easy and so cline† (1264), which is sarcastic as the merchant has already spoken out against marriage, and women in particular. Yet January's motivations to get married are hardly pure, but more practical and shallow.For â€Å"sixty year a waffles man was heel and followed ay his bodily delete/ on women† (1248-50); after sixty years of fooling around with numerous women, he is ready to have a wife â€Å"on which he mighty engender hymn an heir† (1272). Rather than choosing a wife who is wise and loving and would care for him in his old age and sickness, he makes his decision as if he were choosing livestock, saying â€Å"l wool noon Old ‘. Nary Han†¦ / she shall Nat passe twenty year†¦ /and bet t han old beef is the tender feel† (1416-20).What is ironic is that January sees this way of approaching marriage as pure because it was so normal and standard. The purity of marriage would come if it were based on love and mutual respect, but instead for most men it is about having an heir and a beautiful wife. January can't see that he's leaving himself vulnerable to a young wife that will be deceitful and seek pleasure from younger more attractive men, instead thinking he can â€Å"a young thing may men gee,/ right as men may warm hex with handed Pyle† (1429-30).In the wife's tale, she shows that old men cannot actually mold their young wives into good, loving creatures. Although the wife of Bath â€Å"sits [she] twelve year was of age†¦ ‘ housebound at creche door [she has] had five† (4-6), she is no innocent. She manipulates and terrorizes her old husbands with her sexuality to gain money and control, until they are her â€Å"[detours] and†¦ [ thralls]† (155). She ends up molding her old husbands to her will.For her a husband is a source of income, and she always sakes sure she has one lined up on the sidelines. She had her fifth husband ready to marry her by the time her â€Å"fourth housebound was on beer† (587), and she â€Å"wept but small' (592), being already â€Å"purveyed of a make† (591). Even though the fifth husband that she takes is younger than her and she is now in the old man's position, she is still able to control her young husband to a certain degree, although it is much harder.It seems like an innate ability that women have to control their cabanas because its more than a survival method, but a way to find pleasure despite being in a technically submissive role. But a true marriage shouldn't be about control. This is what makes marriage such a Joke to Chaucer, and he is very cynical towards it. The tradition and sanctity of marriage means nothing because it is based on a foundation of lying and shallowness. Men and women conform to their stereotypes because of how society has shaped them and made marriage such a necessity.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay

Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth: Rhetorical Analysis In Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth, he focuses on the harm global warming does to our planet. He wants to persuade people that global warming is real, and that they should contribute to the effort of slowing, even completely stopping, global warming. Gore uses a variety of ways to appeal to pathos and logos. One of the first things he does, is explain global warming, he them proceeds to show a short, funny cartoon to describe global warming. While this short is not exactly accurate, and looks like it is taken from The Simpsons cartoon, it is comical, and he uses this short to intrigue his audience. After drawing us in, he keeps us attentive by sprinkling these little emotional holds into his argument. Gore tells us in the beginning about his son being hit by a car when he was five years old. This anecdote causes an overwhelming sense of sympathy and alarm but also wonder of how this relates to the argument. Then, Gore tells us tells us that the awful accident made his realize he wanted to do something important, wanted to do something to change the world, and that something was to spread the â€Å"global warning. †Almost fifty percent of the facts Al Gore uses also carry an emotional appeal, but they also are appealing to logos. Such as, if only half of Greenland and half of Antarctica melted water would cover so much land, including the 9/11 memorial, that the world maps would have to be redrawn, and he also tells us that global warming causes intense weather conditions, including hurricanes. Gore provides an audio track of a man describing hurricane reports that were coming in after making this point, and in the track the unknown man repeats â€Å"I can’t take it anymore, the water is up to my neck,† creating guilt in the audience. We contributed to that. Al Gore does a great job of presenting an appeal to pathos and logos. Al Gore uses more than just humor and anecdotes to relay information, however. He also uses expert testimony, and quantitative data by presenting a variety of charts, graphs, and pictures created by scientist, to prove his point. Gore uses a chart that shows how carbon dioxide and temperature correlate. When carbon dioxide rises, so does the temperature. At the time of the documentary, the carbon dioxide level was higher than it has ever been. He also uses a chart to show the ten hottest years in history, at that point in time, they all occurred within 14 years before. He places a higher thought of the two charts and other unmentioned, by saying that they were before unseen by the public. In addition to humor, anecdotes, expert testimony, and quantitative data to prove his point, he also throws just a few plain old facts at us. For example, Gore tells us that 200 towns and cities in the west have broken temperature records, and that science textbooks have had to be rewritten because it was before thought impossible for a hurricane to take place in the South-Atlantic, but then there was one. The hurricane was caused by warming of waters ocean wide. Al uses his variety of vehicles to present information to his advantage. While Al Gore does do a nice job of making his point, it would all be somewhat of a waist without established ethos. If he had no ethos, we would not take anything he said into consideration. When Gore introduces himself, he says, â€Å"I’m Al Gore and I used to be the next president of the United States. †Some people think that this may hurt him, but it is very untrue. He has to be a highly intelligent and well thought of man to run for president, and the votes were said to be â€Å"too close to count. Gore also establishes ethos through his dress; he is very well put together and professional. Al Gore has also written a book about global warming, and he would not be well enough equip to do so if he did not know a vast amount about it. This little piece of ethos helps him most to be taken seriously and for his audience to know that he knows what he is talking about. His audience is almost important to his ethos, and his audience is simply everyone in the world. Global warming is an issue for everyone who lives on this planet and Gore makes sure that he gets the word out. He even said that he knows that he has given his speech over one thousand times worldwide. Al Gore’s high level of ethos helps him to better appeal to the people of the world to spread the word on global warming. Al Gore was highly successful in furthering his message. When you take everything that he says and the methods he used to relay information, there is no doubt that he did. If he tells a small, or large, group of people about global warming, they are going to tell people they know about it and the word will spread. The way Gore gives his message was key. Everything he says is easy to follow and understand. He avoids anything that could cause confusion and backs up everything he says with something that correlates. For instance, the frog animation. Some people do not believe in global warming because it is gradual, but when you put a frog in water and slowly raise the temperature it also is unknowing. This example can turn skeptics into believers. Everything Al Gore says and does in his documentary adds to the success in thoroughly presenting his message. In Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth, he uses an appeal to people’s logos and pathos through various techniques to persuade his audience that global warming is here and harming. His high level of ethos and knowing his audience well helps him to be taken seriously on this matter and over all being successful in giving his message to the world.

Impacts of Cystic Fibrosis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Impacts of Cystic Fibrosis - Coursework Example The impacts and effects of Cystic Fibrosis at Prenatal Care extend to both the expectant mother and the unborn baby. During the pregnancy, a mother may pass the Cystic Fibrosis gene to the baby. This blockage interferes with the production of insulin thus, results to the Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. The secretion of the digestive enzymes from the pancreas is also terminated by CF, leading to a dysfunctional digestive system. This situation causes malnutrition to the mother and the fetus. Shortly after the childbirth, the intestines of the baby may be blocked, a condition known as Meconium ileus (Mayer, 2012). In the occupational considerations, CF can easily lead to incapacitation of an individual. Since CF causes malnutrition by tampering with the digestion, one may not have the required energy to perform his or duties. Such individuals may experience weakness and dizziness. Besides, Cystic Fibrosis results into diabetes mellitus which require regular medical check ups. The bacterial infection of the lungs causes frequent coughing. All these effects may render an individual incapable of doing certain jobs. Furthermore, a CF ill individual is at high risk of injury at work due to the weak nature of the body. To cope with this condition, one requires constant medical advice and food supplements. For the expectant CF mothers, the supplements of folic acid and vitamin A will be of great help. Above all, these patients need to be well educated on their condition and the management.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Human Resource Management - Essay Example First of all, an international human resource management system ensures that positions are filled by appropriately qualified persons if there are no local nationals available. Secondly, it enables management development across borders. Thirdly, human resource management in multinational companies allow the building of linkages between the parent company and the international subsidiaries. This paper examines the critical factors that shape managers' choice in transferring the parent company's human rights management (HRM) to overseas subsidiaries. It identifies the influential forces that shape such choices and illustrates them with practical examples. To this end, the paper tries to fulfil the following objectives: 1. Identification of business strategy and structure that affects the choice of HRM systems for foreign branches of a business. 2. Analysis of external factors that affect a business' choice of human resource management transfer systems for an international business in it s overseas operations 3. Examination of implementation issues that affect the type of choices that HR managers of parent companies can make about the transfer of human resource management systems to overseas branches. Business Strategy & Structure & International Human Resource Management Choices Every MNC has to draw a balance between globalisation and localisation. Meier (2009) calls it a balance between standardisation and customisation. In other words, a business will have to either prescribe a set of uniform standards for all the international branches or allow international branches to develop their own local standards. In real life, a UK business that has international subsidiaries will have to decide whether the subsidiaries around the world will operate according to standards in the UK or create their own systems and methods. In the case of PriceWaterHouse Coopers, there is an international application of standards that exist in the UK head office. This is a globalised enti ty. On the other hand, KPMG exists as a group of independent accounting firm. Each national branch operates independent of the Swiss headquarters. According to Meier, the way this discourse exists in relation to human resource management transfer can best be examined on three fundamental levels. The strategy of a business in relation to whether it wants to go according to globalisation or localisation determines the policies of the business (Tempel, 2001 p115). In other words, the strategy determined by the top-level management set the tone for functional managers of strategic business units to come up with a policy. The policies determine the practice in the department. Thus, for the Human Resource department, the main determinant of the transfer of practices is the overall strategy of the business. The strategy determines the HRM activities of the business. This goes a long way to influence the transfer and other practices related to the overall tone of human resource management a nd its transfer. Strategy refers to the overall plans for a business determined by top level management with a view of guiding a company between the medium and long term (Cook, 2008 p76). Strategy is a critical element that affects the Human Resource Manager's choice of transferring company Human Resource Management to overseas management because it sets the framework between which the HR Manager operates. As such, the manager needs to remain within the scope of the

The Wide Definition and Scope of Public Relation Essay

The Wide Definition and Scope of Public Relation - Essay Example Ewen, S. (1996) in his book titled PR: A Social History of Spin defines public relation as â€Å"the art and science of managing communication between an organization and its key public constituents to build, manage, and sustain its positive image’. Personally, I would define public relation as a process of supervising and ensuring effective communication between an organization and its targeted audiences with a major aim of developing, administering and sustaining a good image. All the above definitions have one thing in common in that they are all talking about building good public relationships through proper communication skills. Their main aim is securing a good public image so as to earn mileage from the general public on matters relating to effective communication. They also have differences for example, Edward B. (2001) sees public relation as a function of the management that defines procedures policies so as to earn the expected acceptance and understanding from the general public, Ewen, S. (1996) sees public relation as an art and science that manages communication transpiring between a given organization and its people with the aim of directing and maintaining a good image within the organization. For Ewen, he views public relation as something that will help as in maintaining a good public image while Edward opinion is that public relation will help us in obtaining acceptance and understanding from the general public. Cutlip, S (1994) views public relation differently as a designed attempt on influencing opinion via responsible actions and a good personality to gain satisfaction in two way systems.

Discuss the ethical issues in the Monsanto case Essay - 1

Discuss the ethical issues in the Monsanto case - Essay Example The company in the recent times has been involved in dictating on what the world consumes. The company has continued to generate many biotech crops. The company however has generated controversies in the world due to the issue of production of biotech crops that are produced and increasing the control of food supply by huge corporations. The company before getting involved in seed technology was involved in production of chemicals. Production of crops and new seeds through biotechnology by the company has predicted doubling of food production in the future meeting the food demand of the growing population. Food security will be maintained by the company. The company has also formed coalitions with other public researchers and charitable organization to focus on green revolution to allow conservation of the environment with production of more food and inventions to satisfy food need of the population. The organization has made itself to be in the leading dealing with advancement in global fight against hunger. Working with other organization in poor nations, the company helps to reach needy farmers. Moves that are made by the company is seen to be parallel to the commercial sales that are made by the organization. The organization upholds its principles by encouraging farmers that are in the poor nations and do not concentrate much in improving those in the wealthy nations. In the sales of the organization, sales of seeds and chemicals that are of high prices are done to countries that are wealthy (Forrestal, 2007). These products are sold to farmers in poor countries in low prices. The organization has been encouraged by the department of agriculture in the United States and the government to incorporate public institutions, foundations and academics to determine how the production can be improved to make food abundant globally. The company before getting involved in seed technology was involved in production

Review Of System ROS Versus Gordon Health Assessment Essay

Review Of System ROS Versus Gordon Health Assessment - Essay Example While in the Gordon functional assessment is where the nurses entail on issues regarding the metabolic processes of the patient. This is where the nurse digs out about the fluids that the patient takes. On Review of the system, matters concerning allergies, it's extremely critical to these patients. A bee sting can cause enormous swelling. There are also matters to do with cat and dogs fur. Some patients suffer from different complications. While In the Gordon functional assessment the nurse inquiries on matters on elimination patterns. This is where the nurse asks the patients about matters regarding constipations. In Gordon assessment, the Nurses addresses on issues concerning the activity and exercises that the patient Takes every day. Between the two discussed health assessment methods, I would prefer the Gordon health assessment method. This is because Gordon entails more on the patients and it also gives the patient a solution to the problems. This is because the nurse focuses on various issues regarding the patient. These issues are like the activity and exercises. There is also the issue of pain where the nurse asks the patient about the sensory experience. The nurse also focuses on sleep and the rest of the patient, role of the sexuality on how the patient feels about his sexuality, values, and beliefs and also faces stress and a solution is given on how he tolerate the stress. So I would recommend the nurses to use the Gordon functional assessment because it entails on the emotions and patterns of the patients.

Advantages of Breastfeeding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Advantages of Breastfeeding - Research Paper Example The World Health Organization, health care unions, and government health organizations confirm the logical confirmation of the obvious advantage of human milk as well as the risks associated with artificial milk products. The WHO along with the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that mothers exclusively breastfeed their newborns al least for the initial six months, and carry on for at least two and a half years. Human milk gives best advantages for babies, together with premature, as well as sick infants. Human milk is only one of its kinds. Advanced nutrients as well as useful substances are present in human milk that cannot be replaced. â€Å"Breastfeeding offers best physical condition, nutritional, immunologic and developmental benefits to newborns as well as protection from postpartum complications and future disease for mothers† (Sears, p. 190). Breast milk is the most comprehensive type of nourishment for newborns. Experts have indicated, â€Å"It has just the exa ct amount of fat, sugar, water, and protein that is needed for a baby's growth and development† (American Academy of Pediatrics, p. 301). Most newborns find it convenient to digest breast milk as compared to formula-feed. As a result, breastfed babies grow precisely the way they are supposed to. They are likely to gain less extra weight and to be leaner. This may result in staying away from being overweight during the teenage years or even after that. Breast milk has antibodies in it to help defend newborns from germs and viruses. Latest researches on this topic revel that children who are not exclusively breastfed for at least six months are more expected to develop a wide range of contagious diseases together with ear infections, diarrhea, and respiratory illnesses (American Academy of Pediatrics, p. 301) and have additional hospitalizations. In addition, babies who are not breastfed have a 19 percent higher post neonatal newborn death rate in the United States. A number of studies imply that babies who are not breastfed have increasing rates of ‘sudden infant death syndrome’ (SIDS) (Newman, p. 320-23) during the initial year of life, and higher rates of â€Å"type 1 and type 2 diabetes, lymphoma, leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, overweight and obesity, high cholesterol and asthma† (Newman, p. 323). For children, breastfeeding sustains best growth and defends against severe and chronic sickness. For mothers, breastfeeding assists with improvement from pregnancy as well as from childbirth and gives lifetime health benefits. For society, breastfeeding offers a variety of financial as well as environmental rewards. Breast milk is a remarkable substance that cannot be replaced by some artificial means. Matchless in its composition and function, breast milk has a perfect balance of nutrition that the newborn can digest without difficulty. It changes eventually, and even d the course of a day, to meet the varying requirements of the growing b aby. It has substances vital for best development of the infant’s intellect, with effects on both cognitive as well as visual function. It provides growth factors that ‘join to mature the infant gut’. It gives the newborn with immune factors made to fight allergens as well as diseases particular to the mother’s and newborn’s atmosphere (Hausman, p. 192). Advantages for Children In particular, experts have identified that breastfeeding provides benefits for children no other alternative of feeding can duplicate. The advantages of breastfeeding start from the initial moments following childbirth and last for a number of years once breastfeeding stops. In comparison

Homicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Homicide - Essay Example The Waurika, Oklahoma police were not too concerned at first. Although Heather Rich was an honor student and cheerleader, the high school girl had been caught drinking at a football game (â€Å"A story of booze†). Since be thrown off the cheerleading squad, Heather had been running with a rough crowd. The police just thought she had run away. It would not have been the first time a good girl went bad. The police dismissed the theory that Heather Rich was a runaway when a bullet ridden body was found just across the Oklahoma/Texas line. Even though the body was unidentifiable by looks, the Waurika police knew that they had found Heather Rich with one look at the corpse’s braces (â€Å"A story of booze†). Upon closer inspection at the autopsy, Heather Rich had been shot repeatedly with a Mossberg M-9 shotgun (â€Å"A story of booze†). The FBI, OSBI (Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigations), Waurika police, the Texas Rangers and various other local agencies from Oklahoma and Texas worked together through out the duration of this investigation. After no leads at first, a sheriff got a break with the Mossberg M-9. A local senior, Josh Bagwell, had charged .00 shells for a Mossberg M-9 before Heather Rich turned up missing (â€Å"A story of booze†). Josh Bagwell’s friend, Curtis Gambill, owned a Mossberg M-9 (â€Å"A story of booze†). Josh Bagwell and Curtis Gambill had another friend Randy Lee Woods. Randy Lee Woods, the Waurika quarterback, was Heather Rich’s ex-boyfriend. The three boys would hang out, hunt and drink on weekends. Randy Woods had been question before in the investigation. He had provided the officers with nothing more than an uneasy feeling that the homecoming king was not being totally truthful. Josh Bagwell’s grandparents own a large amount of land in Southern Oklahoma. He came from a rich and privileged background. Curtis Gambill had problems as a child, even spending sometime in juvenile hall.

Antivuris Programs Essay Example for Free

Antivuris Programs Essay Today, people rely on computers to create, store, and manage critical information, many times via a home computer network. Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept in a user’s home or company premises. Thus, it is crucial that they take measures to protect their computers and data from loss, damage, and misuse resulting from computer security risks. Antivirus programs are an effective way to protect a computer against viruses. An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses by identifying and removing any computer virus found in memory, on storage media, or on incoming files. When you purchase a new computer, it often includes antivirus software. Antivirus programs work by scanning for programs that attempt to modify the boot program, the operating system, and other programs that normally are read from but not modified. In addition, many antivirus programs automatically scan files downloaded from the Web, e-mail attachments, opened files, and all types of removable media inserted in the computer (Karanos 201-205). One Technique that antivirus programs use to identify a virus is to look for virus signatures, or virus definitions, which are known specific patterns of virus code. According to Shelly and Cashman (Antivirus Programs), many vendors of antivirus programs allow registered users to update virus signature files automatically from the Web at no cost for a specified time. Updating the Antivirus program’s signature files regularly is important, because it will download any new virus definitions that have been added since the last update. Methods that guarantee a computer or network is safe from computer viruses simply do not exist. Installing, updating, and using an antivirus program, though, is an effective technique to safeguard your computer from loss.

Employee Rights and Property Searches Essay Example for Free

Employee Rights and Property Searches Essay Mopak Corporation performed a search for drugs and guns on the employees and contract workers vehicles with the assistance of a private security company and drug detection dogs. In the search, guns were found, but not drugs, in several vehicles. At the completion of the search, five employees along with ten contract workers whose vehicles where the weapons were found were terminated, due to the corporation’s belief that the employees violated the company policy. The terminated workers immediately sued Mopak for wrongful termination. Though mostly in the United States employees are â€Å"at-will† employees, the arguments for wrongful termination the employees from Mopak can make in their suit is that Mopak performed an unreasonable search of their vehicles, violating their expectation of privacy. The search was made without a warrant and violated their Fourth Amendment Rights. (Lawyer. com, 2013) The contract workers are bound by contracts that may have an at-will clause in it, in which case they, like the regular employees, can be terminated at-will. Even though when there is a contract, written or oral, it’s based on a promise of job security, but with an at-will clause, contract workers may either leave a contract job or be terminated from a contract job at-will. †Employers often, and legitimately, ask employees to sign contracts or agreements that document and enforce the terms of at will employment, usually in company policy manuals. † (Lawyersandsettlements. com, 2013, para. ) The arguments that Mopak Corporation will make in response to the wrongful termination suit are that in the employees’ policy manual, handbooks or contracts reflect that the employee and/or contract workers must agree to random vehicle searches, random drug testing, and an at will clause for employment; that when signed by the employees and/or contract workers, it becomes binding, implied, or implied-in-fact contracts. In the 1988 decision of landmark case Foley vs. Interactive Data Corp. it brought to light that employees enter into implied-in-fact contracts with the acceptance of great merit reviews, promotions, raises, and with verbal assurances of job security. I believe the Mopak Corporation would win. I do not believe that a corporation with so much to lose would perform an illegal search of employee’s vehicles. They must have in the company’s policy manual that such an act would be permissible once the employees and contract workers sign that they have rea d and agreed to the terms and condition of the policy and/or contracts.

Symbolism of Education in Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi

Symbolism of Education in Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi Pinocchio is a childrens story, and the primary purpose of most childrens stories are to be taking some kind of educational responsibility. For many of us the story will exist only in our mind and imagination, nevertheless it is helpful, when reading a childrens story, to have in mind the practical problems faced by the producers or the characters trying to interpret the story. Certainly the plot of Pinocchio is exciting and full of education. We would not, of course, expect education to be the dominating theme of a childrens story which seeks to explore how a child like Pinnochio grows up rather than merely to excite the spectator. Yet some educational scenarios are important dramatically in Pinocchio and it is not artificially contrived. Thus it seems that Carlo Collodi, the author of Pinocchio tend to offer clues towards his ideas of the puzzling aspect of childrens educational processes. It is brought about by the natural behaviour of characters, and often by the unpredictability of Pinocchio. This essay is going to explore whether Carlo Collodi wants to promote or critique educational processes through Pinocchio. The story begins with master Anthony finds a piece of wood which is able to speak, laugh and cry, then he gives this piece of magic wood to his friend Old Joe, who always longs for a piece of wood that can be turned to a fabulous puppet. It is noticeable here, that why Collodi has to introduce two men relate to Pinocchio as he could have had only Old Joe himself alone finds the wood and uses the piece of wood to create Pinocchio? And if we look back to the moment when Master Anthony encounters Old Joe, these two old fellows even fights twice for some funny reasons! Perhaps Collodi would like to remind us of the impact of family background can have on a child: Pinocchio is born in a single parent family. Being parents is a job hard enough, but I reckon doing it alone just doubles the difficulty. The phenomenon of single parent family is not as common in Collodis time as it is in our time now, but possibly Collodi might have already noticed the effect a single parent family may bring o n a child. Then the story continues with sort of chaos, when the puppet Pinocchio runs away from home after he is just completed and given a name. This naughty (or even worse rebellious) personality of Pinocchio marks his fortune and the relative education he is going to accept as the story unfolds. Unlike any infant or new born kids that symbolize pureness and naivety, Pinocchio seems to be very distinctive because of his wildness and naughtiness. The scenario of Pinocchio runs away also leads to poor Old Joes life in jail for a few days, yet it is worth noticing that Old Joe does not condemn Pinocchio for his wildness. Perhaps it is because the miserable experience Pinocchio has while Old Joe is in jail distracts his attention. It is what normally happens when parents see their children get hurt even it is their own accounts. Possibly Collodi is not criticizing if it is right or wrong, yet according to Old Joes attitude towards Pinocchio more or less indicate Collodis acquiesce i n parent spoiling their children. Pinocchios naughtiness and wildness leads his father Old Joe to think about letting Pinocchio go to school. But Old Joe makes up his mind too soon, in despite of considering the possibility and availability. At this point Collodi shows his mastery of creating touching and emotional scenario: Poor Old Joe sells his cape to buy Pinocchio an alphabet book. As a father, no doubt that he wishes his child could learn to be a sensible and amenable child. Nevertheless it appears this kind of orthodox education process does not work on Pinocchio. Thus one may argue, is going to school the only way to teach children to behave properly and be sensible? It is reasonable to speculate that Collodis answer is likely to be: No! Because in fact even until the end of the story when Pinocchio eventually becomes a real boy and behaves appropriately, school is something never has any obvious positive effect on him.   Though going to school is a daily requirement in his life, however he is in constant m ental battle whether to go or not. There is just too much temptation ahead of him, such as puppet play, the land of toy, etc. In order to watch the puppet play he sells his book which costs his father the only cape and he takes the risk of not becoming a real boy to go to the land of toy, where he and his ‘friend Candle-Wick turned donkeys. His desire of becoming a real boy is so strong, yet his remarks are always inconsistent with what he promises. In a way Pinocchio stands for ordinary immature children, who need proper guide and appropriate help from the adults. However the images of ‘adults are pretty grim throughout the whole story, apart from his father Old Joe, the talking cricket and the Fairy. Considering those adults from the beginning: the careless police who puts Old Joe into jail; the puppeteer Swallowfire almost makes Pinocchio a great contribution to his dinner (but he could be positive as he shows his mercy by giving Pinocchio 5 gold coins); the fox and cat swindles Pinocchios money, etc. I do not think Collodi is being cynical but surely he shows his concerns of the social environment, in which children grow up. What shall we expect from children when they are growing up in a society which is full of dishonesty, lies and incredibility? Furthermore, it is funny that we hardly see any glimpse of Old Joe as the action progresses. As Pinocchios only family, Old Joe is bound to teach Pinocchio things like how t o tell right from wrong or how to avoid mixing with wrong people. Whereas until Old Joe joins the reunions with Pinocchio inside fish, he scarcely appears and his role is ironically fulfilled by the talking cricket and the Fairy. In this crucial stage of growing up, it is quite a pity there is hardly any trace of Old Joe. Despite his wildness and rebelliousness, Pinocchio does not seem to be a precocious child and he gives an impression of genuine simplicity and naivety, particularly when it looks as if everything is so convincible to him. Nevertheless there is one thing is highly noticeable, that is he is unable to tell any lie. Of course it is the way the Fairy helps him to always tell the truth and learn to be honest, but is it not too cruel for a child, when he must be totally honest otherwise his nose gets longer as punishment? It seems the world have no mercy on him, because his destiny is to be an honest man. When the story comes to the end, Pinocchio finally becomes a real virtuous boy, but the price for it, I am afraid, is a bit too high, as he makes his dream come true by overcoming too many troubles like a yoke which is too heavy for a child to bear. Moreover, even though he is merely a puppet, he has the human traits. He shows true warmth and love towards his father Old Joe and the Fairy. In conclusion, of course the whole story of Pinocchio is rather an example of the kind of presence of mind with which educational stories are wont to amaze the children and thus successfully becoming a real boy is a tribute to Pinocchios tireless effort to behave properly and learn to be a virtuous boy, however the progress of his grow-up is riveting. Yet with the examples of traditional education processes presented by the author in the story, and his occasional critiques on the society in which children are brought up, the confrontation remains as we dare not assert if Carlo Collodi himself is promoting or criticizing educational processes. Thus it is reasonable to argue, that the balance between promoting and criticizing educational processes is well maintained by Collodi. Bibliography Collodi, C., (1996). The Adventure of Pinocchio. trans. A.L.Lucas. Oxford: Oxford University Press Stewart Steinberg, S., (2007). The Pinocchio Effect: on making Italians 1860 1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Zipes, J.D., (2007). When dreams came true: classical fairy tales and their tradition. New York: Routledge

Entrapment in Waiting for Godot and Existence and Existents Essay

Entrapment in Waiting for Godot and Existence and Existents      Ã‚  Ã‚   Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot has been criticized as a play in which nothing happens-twice. Not only are Vladimir and Estragon, the two primary characters, unable to change their circumstances in the first act, the second act seems to be a replay of this existential impotence. Vladimir's remark "Nothing to be done," at the opening of the play, may be said to characterize the whole. Estragon complains that "Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it's awful!" (Beckett 27). Ostensibly, the play is a series of meaningless conversations on subjects of no importance. One wonders, then, if it isn't true that nothing happens in this play and, hence, if the play has my real artistic merit. But something is happening. The characters are struggling to free themselves from a treadmill of an existence in which they are trapped-a struggle that is, perhaps, significantly like our own. Let us first consider the role of time in the play. Vladimir and Estragon want time to pass but are forced to acknowledge that even when it does, nothing changes. In other words, the time they recognize offers them no genuine future. On the contrary, it promises them more of the same: Estragon: We came too soon. Vladimir: It's always at nightfall. Estragon: But night doesn't fall. Vladimir: It'll fall all of a sudden, like yesterday. Estragon: Then it'll be night. Vladimir: And we can go. Estragon: Then it'll be day again. (Pause. Despairing.) What'll we do, what'll we do! (Beckett 45- 46)    If night would only come there would be an end to this day. But that is no hope since another day ... ...h, Colin. Angels of Darkness: Dramatic Effect in Beckett and Ionesco. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1792. Fletcher, Beryl S., and John Fletcher. A Student's Guide to the Plays of Samuel Beckett. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1985. Fletcher, J. Action and Play in Beckett's Theater. Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 242-246. Iser, W. Beckett's Dramatic Language. Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 251-259. Kenner, Hugh. A Reader's Guide to Samuel Beckett. New York: Farar, Straus, and Giroux, 1983. Lamont, Rosette. Beckett's Metaphysics of Choiceless Awareness. Samuel Beckett Now. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1975. Lyons, Charles R. Samuel Beckett. New York: Grove Press, 1983. Metman, Eva. Reflections on Samuel Beckett's Plays. Samuel Beckett: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Martin Esslin. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1965.

Capital Punishment Essay - We Should Not Exclude Juveniles

Capital Punishment Should Not Exclude Juveniles In August of 2000, three year old Damion was suffocated after several attempts by his five-year-old sister and her six-year-old friend to kill him. When the police talked to the two girls, they concluded that it was an intentional murder, but under California state law, "children under the age of 14 can be charged only if there is 'clear proof that at the time of committing the act... they [knew] its wrongfulness." With no witness to the crime, the police only had the girls' word and consequently, there wasn't enough evidence to charge the two girls with murder (Murr 32). By law a juvenile is anyone under the age of eighteen. Juvenile justice is the part of the criminal law that deals with juveniles, because they are not old enough to be held accountable for their own actions. This normally means that their parents would be charged with the crime (Schonwald). But in case of Damions' murder, California also decided that the girls were just too young, and since the parents weren't there to witness the homicide, they too were not punished (Murr 32). This made it seem like the murder of a three-year-old never really happened at all. Every state has different laws for trying young criminals as adults. The states of Vermont and Kansas provide statutory provisions for trying children as young as ten years old in an adult criminal court. In Oklahoma the age is set at seven; Nevada, eight and in Colorado, twelve (Frontline). In 1972 the United State Supreme Court struck down on every state death penalty, saying that it was "cruel and unusual punishment" and it violated the 5th Amendment. In 1976 the Supreme Court revised its decision saying that it was acceptable as long as the Co... ... News and World Report 17 Jan. 2000: 26-27 "Juvenile Justice" Frontline 2001 17 Dec. 2001 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/states.html Murr, Andrew and Springen, Karen. "Death at a very Early Age: Is it a crime when a 5-and 6-year old suffocate a 3-year old?" Newsweek 28 Aug. 2000: 32 Redding, Richard. "Juvenile Forensic Evaluation Resource Center" State Transfer Laws 2000 17 Dec. 2001 www.ilppp.virginia.edu/Juvenile_Forensic_Fact_Sheets/Fact_Sheets/StateTrans.html Schonwald, Josh. "Juvenile deliquents respond to punishment just as adults criminals do, University of Chicago study shows." The University of Chicago News Office 21 Dec. 1998 5 Dec. 2001 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/98/981221leavitt.shtml Wilson, Anamaria. "Lock "Em Up!: Minority youth are more likely to face trial as adults." Time 14 Feb. 2001: 68.

Water Recycling, Desalination, and OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) :: Water Conservation

There are many technological solutions that could potentially help to alleviate the current water shortage on Oahu. For the purpose of this paper, our group has chosen to discuss what we believe to be the top three most feasible technological solutions. In order of current usability they are; 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water recycling 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Desalination 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) Water Recycling   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water recycling here on Oahu is an important part of ensuring a sustainable water supply for future generations. Through the natural water cycle, the earth has recycled and reused water for millions of years. Water recycling generally refers to projects that use technology to speed up these natural processes. Recycled water can reduce much of Oahu’s aquifer water demands, as long as it is adequately treated to ensure water quality appropriate for the use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The recycling of water has many benefits. The main benefit is that by recycling water, we are saving ground water for other uses. Another benefit is that recycled water is safe and has been used for over 40 years, with no negative human or environmental side effects (HWRF). Because the amount of precipitation on Oahu changes varies, sometimes the island goes through drought. With water recycling, the amount of secondary effluent available for recycling is always greater than the demand of it, therefore making it virtually drought proof. Also, recycled water can be produced at a price that is cost-effective, when compared with other methods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water recycling facilities on Oahu have been in place since 2000 (HBWS). The Honouliuli Water Recycling Facility in Eva, is the largest recycling plant on Oahu. The plant was built next to the City and County of Honolulu’s waster water treatment plant, which provides the recycling plant with secondary effluent as the base for the recycling process. Currently, the facility has the production capacity of 12 million gallons per day and produces two grades of recycled water. R-1 water is used for irrigational uses and Reverse Osmosis (RO) for industrial uses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The facility is currently capable of producing up to 10 mgd of R-1 water, which is the highest level of treatment as designated by the Hawaii DOH. R-1 water is used throughout the state of Hawaii for golf course irrigation, landscaping, and agriculture. The RO water is used for industrial uses such as boiler feed water for producing high-grade steam, cooling tower water, and process water for refineries. The facility currently has an RO capacity of 2 mgd. Both types of recycled water begin with the same secondary treated effluent from the Honouliuli WWTP.

Product Quality

Does product quality guarantee the success of a business? Various factors are analyzed to examine whether or not a good quality product by itself can propel a business into success. A product of good quality can be defined as one that best satisfies the consumer’s needs at the price they are willing to pay. While it is integral to business success, it is certainly not the only factor that guarantees it, simply because businesses function as an integrated whole, and the success of only one part does not guarantee success of the entire organization.Business success can be referred to as an achievement of common objectives such as profitability, growth, or increasing market share. A good quality product undeniably brings positive contributions to the success of a business. One benefit is customer satisfaction. Once they are satisfied with the product, the customer will be likely to make repeat purchases, and over time develop a strong loyalty towards the brand. When the business has a reputation for producing good quality products with a strong customer base, it establishes itself in a strong position in the market, giving it the opportunity to increase its market share.As a result, retailers would be more willing to stock their products, giving the business more options in terms of the channel of distribution, and thus giving them a competitive advantage. This can also lead to marketing economies of scale, whereby a cross marketing of brands can be used to strongly promote different products simultaneously because an overall positive brand image has been created. Another cost saving is that fewer complaints will need to be dealt with, and because of this, fewer repairs and wastage costs will be incurred.These savings of average costs could then be kept as retained profits, or invested in business growth, proving beneficial to business success. Read more in Business  « Globalization: A Natural Phenomenon Establishing Business Communications in an Emerging Company  » It is evident, then, that businesses must find some sort of way of monitoring quality that best suits them to ensure quality products are consistently produced. This could involve quality control, where inspectors check a sample of finished products for defects, or quality assurance, where quality is the responsibility of each worker and is built into the production process.Quality control could perhaps work better with management that believe in a more strictly controlled work environment, whereas quality assurance works better if management empower and trust workers more, allowing them participation in the improvement process. Provided these methods are implemented well enough, and are appropriate to the corporate culture of the business, this crucial aspect influencing business success can be ensured.However, because businesses operate in complex environments there are many other contributing factors to business success, which, if not integrated with good product qu ality, will have negative effects. From a marketing perspective, in the research and development stage, market research must be conducted accurately to predict demand; otherwise, even if a very good quality product is produced, if a target market is not defined or there is no demand for it at all, then the product will fail.In the development process, value analysis should be conducted, where the appearance, performance and the economy of manufacture of the product should be compared to achieve an ideal balance. If the business solely relied on product quality, it would focus on appearance and performance and neglect the economy of manufacture, which could lead to the production of a good that customers find to be of high quality, but costs so much to produce that it is not profitable to the business, and not worth making.

Malnutrition in the Elderly with Dementia Essay

What is Malnutrition? Malnutrition is a state of nutrition (under or over nutrition) in which a lack of protein, energy and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue and/or body form, composition, function or clinical outcome. We will focus on under nutrition as a nutritional concern. The main cause for concern among older people in the UK is that they are not eating enough to maintain good nutrition. Among the population of older people in residential care there are many more underweight people than there are overweight or obese people, and in old age being underweight poses a far greater risk to health than being overweight. The most recent information on the nutritional status of older people in Britain was reported in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of people aged 65 years and over in 1998. In this survey, 3% of men and 6% of women living at home were underweight, while comparable figures for those in residential care were 16% and 15% respectively. It is suggested, however, that risk of undernutrition is still not adequately identified in older people and that undernutrition is often associated with hospitalisation and poor health status.1 The level of undernutrition among older people with dementia in residential care is likely to be even higher, with estimates that as many as 50% of older people with dementia have inadequate energy intakes. Undernutrition is related to increased mortality, increased risk of fracture, increased risk of infections and increased risk of specific nutrient deficiencies leading to a variety of health-related conditions that can greatly affect the quality of life. Disease can also exert a potent influence on malnutrition as medical conditions can reduce food intake and impair digestion and absorption of nutrients as well as affect how the body metabolises and utilises them. The causes of undernutrition in older people in residential care are often multi-factorial: low income, living alone, limited mobility, and lack of facilities and social network can lead to undernutrition before admission, and this is often exacerbated by depression, bereavement and confusion. Factors that have been associated with undernutrition in care situations include: lack of palatability of food and inflexible timing of meals, lack of assistance with eating or loss of independence in eating, lack of acceptability of food provided to ethnic minorities and lack of awareness of the need for assessment and documentation of older people at risk of undernutrition. Malnutrition can be significant if a person has: †¢ a BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m2 †¢ had unintentional weight loss greater than 10% within the last 3-6 months †¢ a BMI less than 20kg/m2 and has had unintentional weight loss greater than 5% within the last 3-6 months People are also at risk of becoming malnourished if they have eaten very little or nothing for more than 5 days and/or this pattern is likely to continue. Worryingly, more than 1 in 4 of all adults admitted for a hospital stay, to a mental unit or a care home is at risk of malnutrition. It is a well-documented fact that worldwide, the elderly population is increasing, and with it, the incidence of malnutrition. Malnutrition is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality in independently living older people, as well as in nursing home residents and hospitalised patients. Prevalence of malnutrition amongst the elderly population: †¢ 35% in adults over 80 years of age †¢ 25 – 35% in adults 60 – 80 years †¢ 25% in adults less than 60 years of age Causes of Malnutrition There are many causes of malnutrition. These can include: †¢ Reduced intake: Poor appetite due to illness, food aversion, nausea or pain when eating, depression, anxiety, side effects of medication or drug addiction †¢ Inability to eat: This can be due to investigations or being held nil by mouth, reduced levels of consciousness; confusion; difficulty in feeding oneself due to weakness, arthritis or other conditions such as Parkinson’s Disease, dysphasia, vomiting, painful mouth conditions, poor oral hygiene or dentition; restrictions imposed by surgery or investigations †¢ Lack of food availability: poverty; poor quality diet at home, in hospital or in care homes; problems with shopping and cooking †¢ Impaired absorption: This can be due to medical and surgical problems effecting digestion & stomach, intestine, pancreas and liver /or absorption †¢ Altered metabolism: Increased or changed metabolic demands requirements related to illness e.g. cancer; surgery, organ dysfunction, or treatment †¢ Excess losses: Vomiting; diarrhoea; nutrient fistulae; stomas; losses from nasogastric losses tube and other drains or skin exudates from burns People at risk of Malnutrition As we have seen, the groups most vulnerable to malnutrition include: †¢ People just discharged from hospital †¢ Elderly people (16% in residential care) †¢ People with cancer and other long-term conditions †¢ People recovering from surgery Risk factors more specific to the elderly: Dementia and other neurological disorders: – Alzheimer’s disease – Other forms of dementia – Confusional syndrome – Consciousness disorders – Parkinsonism Consequences of Malnutrition Malnutrition can often go undetected and when left untreated, it can have serious consequences on health, which include: †¢ Increased risk to infections †¢ Delayed wound healing †¢ Impaired respiratory function †¢ Muscle weakness and depression Detection of Malnutrition There is no alternative to measurements of weight and height, along with other anthropometric measures in specialist circumstances. These measurements can then be used with the following questions: †¢ Has our resident been eating a normal and varied diet in the last few weeks? †¢ Has our resident experienced intentional or unintentional weight loss recently? Rapid weight loss is a concern in all patients/residents whether obese or not †¢ Can our residents eat, swallow, digest and absorb enough food safely to meet their likely needs? †¢ Does our resident have an unusually high need for all or some nutrients? Surgical stress, trauma, infection, metabolic disease, wounds, bedsores or history of poor intake may all contribute to such a need †¢ Does any treatment, disease, physical limitation or organ dysfunction limit out resident’s ability to handle the nutrients for current or future needs? †¢ Does our resident have excessive nutrient losses through vomiting, diarrhoea, surgical drains etc? †¢ Does a global assessment of our resident suggest under nourishment? Low body weight, loose fitting clothes, fragile skin, poor wound healing, apathy, wasted muscles, poor appetite, altered taste sensation, altered bowel habit. Discussion with relatives may be important †¢ In the light of all of the above, can our resident meet all of their requirements by voluntary choice from the food available? Understanding that asking these questions take a significant amount of time and expertise, a number of screening tools have been developed to help you identify whether our residents are at risk of malnutrition. Given the high prevalence of malnutrition and lack of proper management of patients/residents in various settings, performing a routine nutritional ‘screening’ should result in early identification of patients/residents who might have otherwise been missed. A screening tool should help establish reliable pathways of care for patients with malnutrition. Screening for malnutrition (and the risk of malnutrition) should be carried out by healthcare professionals with appropriate skills and training.

Becker Muscular Dystrophy Medical Genetics Health And Social Care Essay

Muscular dystrophy is a familial upset that bit by bit weakens the organic structure ‘s musculuss. It is caused by incorrect or losing familial information that prevents the organic structure from doing the proteins needed to keep healthy musculuss. There are different types of muscular dystrophies that consequence different musculuss and consequences in different grades of musculus failing. But specifically two types are of import: Duchenne muscular dystrophy Becker muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Duchenne muscular dystrophy ( DMD ) is a terrible recessionary X-linked signifier of muscular dystrophy characterized by rapid patterned advance of musculus devolution. It is normally seen in males ( 1 in 3500 ) . Females are largely bearers, specifically do non demo any symptoms. The upset is caused by mutant in DMD cistron, located in human chromosome Xp21. DMD may ensue from m-RNA that contain out-of-frame displacement ( omissions, interpolations or splicing site mutants ) .This cistron codifications for Dystrophin protein, an of import structural constituent of musculus tissue. Dystrophin is responsible for linking the cytoskeleton of each musculus fibres to the underlying basal lamina through a protein complex incorporating many fractional monetary units. Symptom: The chief symptom of DMD is a progressive neuromuscular upset, is muscle failing associated with musculus blowing with the voluntary musculuss being affected, particularly pelvic and calf musculuss. Awkward mode of walking, running or stepping Frequent falls Fatigue Skeletal malformations ( scoliosis ) Increased lumbar hollow-back, taking to shortening of hip-flexor musculuss Pseudohypertophy of the calf musculuss Cardiacmyopathy is common Grower ‘s mark is seen in people who has terrible damage of lower appendages. DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY ( DMD ) is a familial disease in which the musculus of a patient ( male child ) suffers progressive harm, due to miss of dystrophin protein. It is a long unwellness in which the musculuss of a patient become bit by bit weaker and it later effects indispensable mechanism ( respiratory system, nervous system, bosom etc ) of the organic structure taking finally to decease of the DMD patient during early Twentiess ( 15 + year. )Diagnosis:Deoxyribonucleic acid trials Prenatal trials Muscle biopsy Deoxyribonucleic acid trials: The musculus -specific isoform of the dystrophin cistron is composed of 79exons, and DNA testing and analysis can normally place the specific type of mutant of the coding DNAs that are affected.DNA trial confirms the diagnosing in most instances. Prenatal trials: If one or both parents are bearers so there is a opportunity of inheriting to the following coevals, for this there are some antenatal trials. At 11-14 hebdomads of gestation chorionic villous sampling, at 15 hebdomads amniocentesis, at 18 hebdomads foetal blood sampling is done. Muscle biopsy: A little sample of musculus tissue is taken with a scalpel and a dye is applied that reveals the presence of dystrophin. Creatine kinase ( CPK-MM ) degrees will be high in blood watercourse. Familial testing can uncover familial mistakes in Xp21 cistron.Treatment:Corticosteroids such as Pediapred and deflazacort addition strength and energy of musculuss. Beta -2 agonists besides increase musculus strength Physical therapy is helpful to keep strength, flexibleness, and map Orthpaedic contraptions ( such as braces and wheelchairs ) may better mobility and self-care Stem cell replacing. Case survey: An 18-month-old male child was referred for neuromuscular rating and intervention following a visit with the household ‘s community baby doctor. Earlier lab work had revealed a Creatine Kinase ( CK ) degree of over 15,000 – consistent with neuromuscular disease. The male child ‘s female parent reported a household history of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ( DMD ) on her side. She has older kids, including another male child who is unaffected. Evaluation by a brain doctor, including a musculus biopsy, indicated the presence of DMD. The male child was referred to a paediatric rehabilitation medical specialty doctor for farther rating. Physical scrutiny showed the kid ‘s musculus tone was decreased, and he had pseudohypertrophy ( enlargement ) of his calf musculuss. He had full scope of gesture in his weaponries and legs, and was walking by himself. His female parent reported that he began walking at about 14 months of age. Although he moved reasonably good from sitting to standing, he did utilize a modified Gowers manoeuvre ( forcing up with his custodies on his articulatio genuss and legs, with his underside up, to accomplish a standing place ) . This is typical with Duchenne dystrophinopathy, bespeaking lower appendage failing around the hips and articulatio genuss. Neck musculus and upper appendage strength was satisfactory. The kid ‘s cognitive map appeared to be normal, and he was synergistic. His female parent reported that he participates good in age-appropriate activities with his equals. However, she did notice that he tired more easy than other kids his age. These findings are characteristic for DMD at an early age. The doctors discussed the kid ‘s hereafter with his parents, including possible intervention options as his disease progresses. Those options include assistive devices ( such as braces and mobility devices ) , physical and occupational therapy appraisals and intervention, and drug therapy. A familial counsellor interviewed the household and arranged for molecular familial testing to see if the kid has a cistron omission associated with DMD. Familial testing can assist nail the exact nature of DMD, every bit good as aid place if other household members could be affected. Referrals were besides made to societal services, to assist both the kid and his household place their strengths and demands within their community. As portion of the intervention program, the doctors recommended that the kid return to the neuromuscular clinic every six to twelve months for re-evaluation and necessary intercessions as he grows and develops. Timely intercessions, to assist forestall or decelerate complications related to DMD, will assist the kid maintain the best possible quality of life and might increase length of service. The male child was scheduled to undergo baseline testing of his strength, scope of gesture and functional ability by one of the healers the following clip he returns to clinic. Baseline proving can assist set up current map, every bit good as quantify the demand for and effectivity of specific interventions. Future baseline testing by cardiology and pulmonology services can besides assist the determination devising procedure.BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY:Becker muscular dystrophy is similar to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but is less common and progresses more easy. This affects about 1 in 30,000 male childs than in females. This is a familial X-linked disease characterized by the change of the distrophin cistron merchandise, a structural protein of import for keeping unity of skeletal and cardiac musculus cell cytoskeleton. Changes are normally due to inframe omissions or point mutants of the distrophin cistron, which is located on the chromosome Xp211. The skeletal musculus in this patient besides showed about all of the histological characteristics of Becker muscular dystrophy, including mortification, regeneration, endomysial fibrosis, dividing fibres and unnatural fluctuation in fiber size. Cardiac failure is the most common cause of decease in Becker muscular dystrophy patients. It is postulated that impaired myocardium leads to an increased work load on the left ventricle, leads to go forth ventricular expansion and mitral valve distension. This patient had terrible myocardiopathy with left and right ventricular expansion and mitral and tricuspid valve distension. Pulmonary vascular thickener suggests the presence of left bosom failure with subsequent development of pneumonic high blood pressure taking to right ventricular distension and possible right bosom failure.Symptoms:Many childs with muscular dystrophy can follow normal form of development during first few old ages of life. But in clip the symptoms began to look. A kid with MD may get down to falter, toddle, hold trouble in traveling upstairs, and a toe walk. A kid may get down to fight to acquire up from sitting place or hold difficult clip in forcing things like waggon. Childs with MD develops enlarged calf musculus ( pseudohypertrophy ) as musculus tissue is replaced by fat. Frequent falls Trouble in running, hopping, leaping Loss of musculus mass Breathing jobs Congestive bosom failure Loss of balance and coordination, wearinessTrials:CPK blood trial Electromyography ( EMG ) nervus proving Muscle biopsy or familial blood trial Diagnosis: The trials to find what type of MD is involved and to govern out other diseases that could do the job. These might include a blood trial to step degrees of serum creatine kinase, an enzyme that ‘s released into the blood stream, when musculus fibres are deteriorating. Elevated degrees indicate that something is doing musculus harm. The physician besides may make a blood trial to look into the Deoxyribonucleic acid for cistron abnormalcies or a musculus biopsy to look for forms of impairment and unnatural degrees of dystrophin, a protein that helps muscle cells maintain their form and length. There are several major signifiers of muscular dystrophy, which can impact the musculuss to changing grades. In some instances, MD starts doing musculus jobs in babyhood ; in others, symptoms do n't look until maturity. There is no remedy for MD. Doctors are working on bettering musculus and joint map and decelerating musculus impairment so that those with MD can populate as actively and independently as possible. Treatment: There is no known remedy for Becker muscular dystrophy. The end of intervention is to command symptoms to maximise the life of the affected individual. Doctors prescribe steroids to assist maintain a patient walking for every bit long as possible. Activity is encouraged. Inactivity ( such as bed remainder ) can do the musculus disease worse. Physical therapy may be helpful to keep musculus strength. Orthopedic contraptions such as braces and wheelchairs may better mobility and self-care. Familial guidance may be recommended. Daughters of a adult male with Becker muscular dystrophy may transport the faulty cistron and could go through it onto their boies.Examples:( dual heterozygote ) : Becker muscular dystrophy and X-linked colour sightlessness Jonathan, a 10-year-old male child, has Becker muscular dystrophy and colour sightlessness. His female parent, Mary, has normal colour vision, but her two brothers and maternal uncle have red-green colour sightlessness. Based on her household history, Mary is an obligate heterozygote, or bearer, of the X-linked cistron mutant for colour sightlessness. Molecular proving confirms that she besides carries a omission in one of her X-linked DMD cistrons, which accounts for the Becker muscular dystrophy in her boy. Though the two conditions are unrelated, Mary is known to be heterozygous at two separate venues on the X chromosome and is hence a dual heterozygote.Case survey:A 28 twelvemonth old adult male was admitted for haemoptysis, dyspnoea, febrility, icinesss, sickness, emesis, and icterus. At age 12 old ages, he was noted to hold scoliosis, and he described trouble running. Additional clinical findings at the clip of his first rating were enlarged calf musculuss, atrophic thoracic mu sculuss, elevated creatine phosphokinase degrees, every bit good as an unnatural EMG and musculus microscopy. The patient was was non followed for his status between the ages of 12 and 24 old ages. At the age of 24 old ages, echocardiography showed a badly dilated left ventricle with terrible planetary hypokinesis, mild atrial expansion, possible mural apical thrombus, and a little pericardiac gush. The patient was placed on Vasotec and Lanoxin. Repeat echocardiogram at the age of 27 old ages showed similar findings, and the patient was placed on Coumadin anticoagulation to forestall cardiac mural thrombi and emboli. Four months prior to his concluding admittance, he was hospitalized briefly for pneumonia and left ventricular bosom failure with pneumonic congestion. Given his deteriorating cardiac position, the patient was later placed on the cardiac organ transplant list two hebdomads prior to admittance. Past medical history revealed that his younger brother was diagnosed at age 14 old ages with dilated myocardiopathy that resulted in decease three hebdomads following the oncoming of terrible acute congestive bosom failure. Two other siblings and his parents are free of bosom disease. When admitted, the patient had haemoptysis, dyspnoea, febrility, icinesss, sickness, emesis, and icterus. His international normalized ratio on admittance was 6.6, and his white blood cell count was 16,400/uL. A chest X ray showed a mass-like consolidation of the right lower lobe of lung. He continued to hold episodes of haemoptysis, elevated white blood cell counts and elevated international normalized ratios asking Vitamin K therapy. Five yearss after admittance, the patient noted chest firing following bronchioloalveolar lavage. Shortly thenceforth, he was found to be asystolic without respirations. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation failed, and the patient died. The necropsy was limited to the thorax.

Bullying and the effects on the individuals Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain what is bullying and the consequences of bullying. Bullying is where the bullier intentially causes physical harm or emotional stress to the victim. Bullies are angry and aggressive and dominate their victims and choose their targets by weakness and vulnerability and the victim is non dominant and usually does not fight back. There are severe warning signs that this is not a normal behavior and usually starts as a child and can still be a behavior done in adulthood. There are four different types of bullying and several descriptive behaviors. Bullying can lead to severe self-esteem issues. Aggressive behavior, dominant individual who abuses power by threating less dominant individual. Behavior is repeated or has potential to become repetitive over time. Bullying includes making threats spreading rumors, attacking someone or seclusion. This can be in person or anonymously by being a cyber-bully. This is important because bullying or being bullied appear to indicate that something is wrong and children who experience bullying either as aggressor or a victim need help. Bullying start as a child and without help it can grow into a big issue to deal with as an adult. Types There are three most common types of bullying and numerous tactics used when targeting their victims. Bullies intend to harm their victims with power imbalance. Power imbalance is crucial for the bully because their victim  cannot defend themselves. Power difference can be age, size, or strength. The victim as a result can feel weak, small, vulnerable, scared and dumb. There is typically more than one time that the bully will attack there same victim. Weather it is the same act or different behaviors on the victim. The third aspect on bully behaviors is the intentions to cause harm another person. The bully harasses people on purpose. Their behavior is not a â€Å"joke† or accident. The victim feels embarrassed, ashamed, angry, or scared. There are different forms of bullying; physical, verbal, cyber and relational aggression. Physical involves hitting, kicking, pushing, tripping, stealing or breaking property. Verbal abuse hurts the victim emotionally with words. Name calling, threating, yelling, intimidation and laughing. Relational uses other people to hurt their victims. This is more hurtful to some people because their friends are talking behind their back. The bully spreads rumors and gossip around. The last form is cyberbullying which is done with improved technology. This can be over the internet, email, text or social media. The bully can interact relational and verbal forms. Name calling, insults and lies or threats can lead to physical harm to the victim. This can happen 24/7 and anonymously. So it is harder to find out who is the bully. There are many influences that the bully has and that is the reason why the bully has certain behaviors. Gender, orientation, environment, family problems, race or developmental problems. The bully usually has anger issues and experiences some type of abuse. The person takes out their feelings on someone who can or will not fight back. The bully may be physically and verbally abused by parents or older siblings. So when they are around someone who is not a threat they tend to do the same abuse to the victim to feel superior and worthy. The parents may have substance abuse, emotional issues, low self-esteem, single parent household and many other reasons. The family is not connected and bad communication. Lack of rules may also play a role. The victims have low self-esteem because they feel powerless. They listen and believe what is said to them and about them. They may feel helpless,  hopeless hurt non worthy and have negative outcomes, anxiety and depression. These can lead to substance abuse, drinking and lack of motivation, eating disorders and increase risk of suicide. These are main of bullying. Conclusion In conclusion bullying is a nationwide problem and it has major problems that affect another human being. This usually starts as a child and never ends without proper treatment. There is a behavior problem that is not normal to intentially cause harm to another person. there are many factors that influence the bully behavior. The victim as a result has low self-esteem. Depression and anxiety. The dominant and less dominant parties need and is recommended to get counseling to reduce long term constiquences. The improved bullying is done with updated technology and can remain unknown. References Kimble, D. and Colman, M (1995): Biological aspects of behavior, Longman Publishers, available at http://www.le.ac.uk/psychology/amc/ Kuykendrat, S. (2012) Ph D.Bullying Santa Barbra: ABC-clio. Zastrow, C. H.& Kirst-ashmand K.K. (2010) Understanding human behavior and the social environment. (8th ed ) Belmonth, CA brooks/cole http://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/rel