Environmental History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental History - Essay Example The major cause of air pollutant in urban areas is transportation. The continuous increase in the number of vehicles leads to an increase in the quantity of petroleum usage resulting to production of high quantity of fumes. Among the gases produced, carbon dioxide stands out as major environmental pollutant. The high concentration of CO2 has been mainly attributed to deforestation and burning of fossil fuels in the industries. Smog has been another notable form of air pollution in the history of environmental pollution. It may be defined as the fog which is generated when nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons undergo a photochemical reaction with the sunlight. This kind of pollution usually intensifies when abundant smoke particles are released into the atmosphere. During industrial revolution, a lot of smoke was produced leading to immense air pollution. So far, the worst kind of air pollution in the entire environmental history is the global warming. It may be described as the rise in the average temperature of the air on the oceans and on the surface near the earth. The rise in temperature has been observed from about 1950BC and is believed to be caused by human activity like deforestation and combustion of the fossil fuel. Its effects are devastating including changes in precipitation patterns, rise in sea level, glaciers retreat, and extinctions of species among others. To manage this menace, measures have stepped up to ensure that the concentration of the greenhouse gas is stabilized.

Describe the Human Nature & Physical Aspects Essay

Describe the Human Nature & Physical Aspects - Essay Example MeurSault who is the protagonist of The Stranger performs such activities for which, he finds no reason for remorse and sorrow. At his mother’s death, he is emotionless and has no sense of loss. When he murders an Arab man, he is again remorseless. He takes actions without any rationality and reason behind them. He shoots the Arab man without any specific reason. The trial that is held for the judgment of Meursault’s crime also circulates around absurd causes of his reasonless act. With the passage of time, Meursault realizes that human existence is worthless and has no meaning behind it. After gaining awareness about this fact, he feels no problem in his way of dying and realizes that death will come to all who have taken birth. Meursault shows more desirability for physical aspects of life such as Marie, weather, his environment and other aspects of life, he is not persuaded by his spiritual or emotional existence due to which, he is alienated from society. For killing the Arab man, he identifies the torment because of sun as a reason for his killing which is quite absurd and ridiculous. He attaches everything with the physical aspect of life. Raskolnikov, the protagonist of the book, Crime and Punishment, shows an alienated attitude in the work. He is alienated from the society on the basis of his consideration that is he is superior to other social figures around him. He plans a murder of an old lady for profit based reasons and while murdering, murders another lady because of being seen. He continuously rejects any support from his friends and relatives due to which, he is left alone. Like Meursault, Raskolnikov also shows attraction towards physical aspects of life and has no concern with his spiritual aspects. He kills the old lady for her wealth. Like Meursault, Raskolnikov is also an unemotional being and shows no emotional concerns to anything in his life. He shows no guilt for his

Engagement and Motivation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Engagement and Motivation - Assignment Example It shall first discuss the concepts of engagement and motivation and then go on to discuss the relationship between engagement and motivation as it relates to literacy during early childhood. It shall also discuss the policy implications based on what is established in the discussion on early childhood. Practice implications shall also be established based on what is established in the discussion on early childhood. This paper is being conducted in order to establish a clear understanding of engagement and motivation as it applies to literacy during specific stages of human development. Engagement is about energy in action or the connection between person and activity (Russell, as cited by Ainley, 2004). It is about setting into motion activities which would help accomplish one’s goals. Cambourne (as cited by Kamil, Pearson, Barr, & Mosenthal, 2000, p. 403) discusses that engagement â€Å"entails holding a purpose, seeking to understand, believing in one’s own capability, and taking responsibility for learning†. There is an emotional and physical connection between the thought and the action in engagement and this engagement helps to ensure that a person has more self confidence in carrying out certain activities like reading and writing. Motivation is â€Å"about energy and direction, the reasons for behavior, why we do what we do† (Russell as cited by Ainley, 2004). It is the ultimate underlying reason for one’s activities and one’s engagement in a certain goal. Motivation may be intrinsic or extrinsic and as an intrinsic goal it may refer to a person’s reasons for doing an activity without any purpose other than the fact that one enjoys the activity. This may be related to the concept of reading for reading’s sake (Kamil, Pearson, Barr & Mosenthal, 2000). Motivation often inspires a deeper and a more profound engagement in an activity. It helps sustain

Describe the Human Nature & Physical Aspects Essay

Describe the Human Nature & Physical Aspects - Essay Example MeurSault who is the protagonist of The Stranger performs such activities for which, he finds no reason for remorse and sorrow. At his mother’s death, he is emotionless and has no sense of loss. When he murders an Arab man, he is again remorseless. He takes actions without any rationality and reason behind them. He shoots the Arab man without any specific reason. The trial that is held for the judgment of Meursault’s crime also circulates around absurd causes of his reasonless act. With the passage of time, Meursault realizes that human existence is worthless and has no meaning behind it. After gaining awareness about this fact, he feels no problem in his way of dying and realizes that death will come to all who have taken birth. Meursault shows more desirability for physical aspects of life such as Marie, weather, his environment and other aspects of life, he is not persuaded by his spiritual or emotional existence due to which, he is alienated from society. For killing the Arab man, he identifies the torment because of sun as a reason for his killing which is quite absurd and ridiculous. He attaches everything with the physical aspect of life. Raskolnikov, the protagonist of the book, Crime and Punishment, shows an alienated attitude in the work. He is alienated from the society on the basis of his consideration that is he is superior to other social figures around him. He plans a murder of an old lady for profit based reasons and while murdering, murders another lady because of being seen. He continuously rejects any support from his friends and relatives due to which, he is left alone. Like Meursault, Raskolnikov also shows attraction towards physical aspects of life and has no concern with his spiritual aspects. He kills the old lady for her wealth. Like Meursault, Raskolnikov is also an unemotional being and shows no emotional concerns to anything in his life. He shows no guilt for his

Lab Chemistry Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lab Chemistry Paper - Essay Example The substitution reaction always competes with elimination reactions so to prepare Cyclohexanol in good amount, it is essential to suppress the substitution reaction. It is achievable using strong acids such as sulphuric acid whose conjugate base is a poor nucleophiles and running at high temperature to favors elimination. Cyclohexene is a hydrocarbon of formula C6H10. It is as an intermediate in various industrial processes useful in synthesizing other desired molecules. It also helps in the synthesis of maleic acid and it stabilizes high-octane gasoline (Williamson & Katherine, pp123-178). Cyclohexene is not very stable when stored for long exposed to light and air because it readily forms peroxides. Dehydration is the elimination reaction of alcohol; a unimolecular elimination (E1) reaction of an alcohol. This elimination reaction involves the loss of a hydroxyl group (OH‑) from one carbon and hydrogen (H) from the adjacent carbon. The overall effect of this reaction is the loss of a water molecule, resulting in the formation of a ∠-bond of an alkene or an alkyne. Dehydration is therefore the loss of water molecule (Williamson & Katherine, pp173-212). In most cases, dehydration of an alcohol requires the use of an acid catalyst and high temperature. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are the most commonly used acid catalysts. When more than one elimination product can be formed, the more substituted alkene becomes the major product, which is obtained by removing a proton from the adjacent carbon that has fewer hydrogens (Schlosser, pp153-189). The more substituted alkene is the major product because it is the more stable alkene; therefore, it has the more stable transition state leading to its formation. Alkenes can also hydrate; that is the addition of water in the presence of an acid catalyst (Williamson & Katherine, pp123-178). The

Web2py Layout Features

Web2py Layout Features CHAPTER 5. DEVELOPMENT In the Web2py framework there are two objects that contribute in designing both static and dynamic web pages. The SQLFORM.factory object is used for developing static web pages and SQLFORM object for developing dynamic pages. The framework consists of three files, namely db.py which is created in the model, default.py created in the controller and default/index.html file for designing the web page in the view layer. When the function in the controller gets executed, the default/index.html file in the view is called which passes the variables into HTML. Since the view file is written in HTML, the python code is placed within {{ }}. The â€Å"layout.html† file represents the fundamental layout of all the applications designed in web2py. Screenshot of the files mentioned above in web2py interface: Screenshot 5.1. Files of Web2py To understand how the objects work I developed a static web page which takes name and chemical type of a chemical compound as user inputs and accepts the form if no errors are found. However, if the user does not enter any name the form sends a response to the user displaying â€Å"Form contains error† Each time a new user submits the form message â€Å"Form displayed for the first time† is displayed. Screenshot of the web page implemented: Screenshot 5.1. New page Code to implement static web page in the logical layer: def index(): form=SQLFORM.factory(Field(Name,requires=IS_NOT_EMPTY()), Field(Chemical_Type,requires=IS_NOT_EMPTY())).process() if form.accepted: session.flash=Form accepted redirect(URL(other,vars={Name:form.vars.Name})) elif form.errors: response.flash=Form contains errors else: response.flash=Form displayed for the first time return locals() Code to view the web page in the view layer: {{extend layout.html}} {{=form}} 5.2. Designing dynamic Cheminformatics Application To start with designing the web application in web2py framework, there are some built-in files that can be modified for designing purpose. These built-in files of web2py have facilitated easy designing of the web application. One of the main files is the ‘menu.py’ model file which can be customized based on the requirement of the user. By making some few changes in the above file, the following tags such as ‘Cheminformatics’, ‘Home’ and ‘Drug Database’ on the left-hand side of the page have been established. The table includes Compound_ID and row.id details of the chemical compound table created in the db.py file of model. Logic is implemented in the controller and connecting the web page to the server is implemented in the view. The web page retrieves results from the server based on the query of the user. Model Code – db.define_table (Compound_Details,Field(Compound_ID,string),Field(row.id,int)) Controller code- def index(): return dict() #search through search bar def search(): result= error=no result found x=request.body.read() result=Query_results(str(x)) if result!=: return result else: return error def Query_results(y): a= result= count1=0 my_query=(db.Compound_Details.Compound_ID.contains(y)) myset=db(my_query) rows = myset.select() for row in rows: result=str(row.Compound_ID) +t+ str(row.id) +n+ result count1=myset.count() if count1==0: return str(a) else: return result View code- {{extend layout.html}} placeholder=Search here autocomplete=off /> Search Function search_element() { //clear(); var text; text=document.getElementById("search_text").value; if(text=='') { alert("Enter some text to be searched!"); return; } â€Å"var xmlhttp; if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {// code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } else {// code for IE6, IE5 xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } xmlhttp.open("POST","{{=URL('search')}}",true); xmlhttp.setRequestHeader("Content- type","http://127.0.0.1:8000/search1/default/index?search_text="); xmlhttp.setRequestHeader("Content-length", text.length); xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if (xmlhttp.readyState==4 || xmlhttp.status==200) { var result=xmlhttp.responseText; if(result=='') { alert("no result found"); } else { var row=result.split("n");//row is the individual row for (i=0;i createDiv(row[i]); } } } } document.getElementById("search_text").value=''; xmlhttp.send(text); }† [14] Explanation of the code: The web2py framework provides the ability to the developer to view the creation of table in the sql.log file and input records into the database through the database administration file. Below is a snapshot of the implementation of the search page: Screenshot 5.2. Cheminformatics App page Three functions are declared in the controller section which includes the logic required to search for text based on user input. In the search function, when user enters text in the search box, the input is converted into string using the request.body.read object. The string is then directed to the database server through the Query_results function which retrieves ‘Name and row.id of the chemical compound each time count1==0. The index function in the controller is used for the purpose of returning the dictionary. The view section handles the display of the web page. In order to connect the HTML page to the database server of web2py, an AJAX script is initiated for the purpose of making the page dynamic. It automatically updates the web page without re-loading it. It uses XmlHttpRequest object to interact with the server. Browsers such as IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, and Safari are supported by the new XmlHttpRequest object. The older versions of IE such as IE5 and IE6 are supported by the new ActiveXObject. Methods open() and send(), are used for the purpose of sending request to the server. The open() method has the following syntax: open(method,url,async): The method defines the type of Http request to be sent across- either GET or POST. The url is the position of the file and async determines the asynchronous or synchronous nature of request. An asynchronous request is one that does not block the javascript which interacts with the server. A synchronous request is one that hinders the interaction of the javascript with the server until the action is complete. The code in view applies the asynchronous request that facilitates the http request to interact with the server to retrieve the results. send(string): The argument string is used for http POST request. This method is used for sending the request to the server. The POST request will then use the setRequestHeader(header,value) method for sending request to the server. ‘Header’ argument is for the header name and the ‘value’ argument is the header value. The following screenshot illustrates the value of the records after the user clicks on the search button. Screenshot 5.2. Result This initial prototype will serve as a foundation in the preparation of the cheminformatics resource that will facilitate search based on user input.

Hester vs. the Community in The Scarlet Letter Essay examples -- Scarl

Hester vs. the Community in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter seems to be created around Hawthorne's obsession with the forbidding quality of the scarlet "A", the symbol from which the novel takes its title. Rrom the rose-bush which Hawthorne selects a flower from as an offering to the reader(1) to the "elfish" child Pearl, every aspect of the story is drenched in this letter's scarlet hue. Perhaps this repetition reflects Hawthorne's own repressed desires, as some critics suggest(2). However, what seems more compelling is the function which the symbol serves for Hester Prynne and the community which has condemned her. For Hester the symbol is clearly a literary one; she fashions the scarlet "A" to fulfill the function of telling, in one solid image, her story of sorrow and strength. For the Puritan community the symbol does not lead to truth, but rather conceals it. They place their fears and darkest imaginings into this brand. Hawthorne's possible artistic obsession brings to l ife a tortured woman, and the torment of the society that inflicts her punishment.    Freudian symbolism must be differentiated from literary symbolism in order to form a deeper understanding of the symbolic scarlet "A" conceived as a punishment by a Puritan society's desire to uphold its truths, but brought into physical existence by Hester Prynne's "fancy."(3) Daniel Weiss embarks on the enterprise of solidifying this distinction in the first chapter of his book titled The Critic Agonistes: Psychology, Myth, and the Art of Fiction.(4). Weiss suggests that "the literary symbol is a concrete and untranslatable presentation of an idea, or an experience that cannot find its way into consciousness except throu... ...Art of Fiction. Ed. Stephen Arkin and Eric Solomon. Seattle: U of Washington P. (1985): 21. 11. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter: Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York, New York: Bedford Books of St. Martins P., (1991): 74. 12. Weiss, Daniel. "The Critic Agonistes". The Critic Agonistes: Psychology, Myth, and the Art of Fiction. Ed. Stephen Arkin and Eric Solomon. Seattle: U of Washington P. (1985): 21. 13. Brodhead, Richard H. "New and Old Tales: The Scarlet Letter." Hawthorne, Melville, and the Novel. Chicago: U of Chicago P., (1973): 44. 14. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter: Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York, New York: Bedford Books of St. Martins P., (1991): 58. 15. ibid. 57. 16. ibid. 112. 17. ibid. 75. 18. ibid. 75. 19. ibid. 161. 20. ibid. 154. 21. ibid. 200. 22. ibid. 201. 23. ibid. 134.